HIBPlARY OF CONGRESS. 

^ 



||l.q,.tl./D|op,mgM |o | 

I J7Ac//fksi7 \ 

f # 

I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. | 



Progressive Map No, 1. 




EastoftlieMssissippi.j^ 
ASOCCtiPJEOgYWiNDlAlHS, 



>Tt\ lo VVasKd 



A 



GRAMMAR SCHOOL HISTORY 



U^^ITED STATES 



TO WHICH ARE ADDED 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

AND 

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 



BY 

JOHlSr J. ANDEKSON, A.M., 

Autlhor of a ^'Pictorial School History of the United States,'" a '•'■Manual of 

General History,'''' a ''History of England:'' " Tlie Historical 

Reader^'' " Trie United States Header:'' etc., etc 

NEW YORK: v^ y 

CLAKK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHEBSr-^— -^ 
5 Barclay Street, 
1874. 



Andersoiis Historical Series. 



A Junior-Class History of the United States. 

Illustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. Price, $1.00. 

A Grammar School History of the United States. 

Annotated; and illustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than 
forty maps, many of which are colored. 300 pp. Itimo. Price, $l.xJO. 

A Pictorial School History of the United States. 

Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 404 pp. 12mo. Price, $1.65. 

A Manual of General History, illustrated with beautifuuy 

colored maps showing the changes in the political divisions of the world, and giving 
the location of important places. 419 pp. 12mo. Price, $2.00. 

A School History of England, illustrated with colored 

maps showing the geographical changes in the country at different periods. 300 pp. 
12mo. Price, $1.(50." 

Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, illustrated with 

colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Price, $2.00. 

The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse, 
from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of Diflkult 
Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 12mo. 544 pp. Price, $1.F0. 

The United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent 
American historians, orators, statesmen and poets, with explanatory observations, 
notes, etc. The whole arran^red so as to form a comiilcto class-manual of rnlTid 
States History, to which are added a Vocabulary of Piffieult Words and a Biographical 
Index of Authors. 12mo. 414 pp. Price, $1.50. 

A School History of Rome, in prepmation. 
A School History of Greece, in preparation. 
A School History of France, in preparation. 



An Introductory School History of the United 

States. From 1492 to 1875. A class-book for advanced grades on the catechetical 
plan. Illustrated with maps. 195 pp. lljmo. Price, 60 cents. 

A Common School History of the United States. 

On the catechetical plan. Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. 16mo. Price, $1.00. 

Entered according to Act of Congross, u> the year 1874 by 

JOHN J. ANDERSOX, 

in the office of the Libnirian of Congress, at W.nshington, D. C. 



K?^^ 



TO TEACHERS. 



This work is intended for advanced classes in Gram- 
mar Schools and Academies. The leading aim in its 
preparation has been to narrate the events, as well as 
their causes, details, effects, and connection with each 
other, in the most concise language consistent with 
the clearness and fulness necessary for the proper 
understanding of the subject. Although the history 
of our country is here condensed within a few pages, 
it is believed that all the important facts are stated, 
and that no particulars are omitted that are essential 
to their clear comprehension. 

A knowledge of history can never be acquired so as 
to make the acquisition permanent and useful, unless, 
at the same time, the geography of the narrative is 
well understood. The exact location of every place 
mentioned in this work, except a very few beyond the 
limits of the United States, is shown on maps, a num- 
ber of which were specially prepared for this work ; 
and the system of map questions, by which not only 
the location of each place is required to be learned, 
but its situation with reference to other places, is a 



TO TEACHEKS. 



portant, 'svill be readily remembered and judiciously 
appropriated. 

With these few remarks and suggestions, the author 
commits the work to the impartial examination of his 
fellow-laborers in the cause of education ; trustiDg 
that it will be received with that kind consideration 
which has been extended to his other works on this 
subject. 

Teachers who desire that their pupils should acquire 
a more comprehensive knowledge of the history of the 
United States than can be gained fi'om the text, are 
referred to the Questions foe Topical Study and Eeci- 
TATION at the end of the work. These questions, with 
the references and the additional information given in 
connection therewith, supx^ly a complete collection of 
topics, beginning with the discoveiy of the New World, 
and running through succeeding events to the present 
time. Much interesting information, not found in the 
preceding pages of the book, is there inserted. The 
author is indebted to School Superintendents and 
teachers, and to examination-papers which have been 
furnished him, for many of these questions. 



Two articles have been added at the end of the 
History, one showing the Teri'itorial Growth of the 
United States, and the other the Civil Progress of 
the Nation. 



HOW TO TEACH HISTORY. 

The author of this book having been solicited by many teachers for a few brief 
rule;?, by which they might be governecl in using it, submits the following. He 
does not claim that these are the best, nor does he advise any teacher who may 
adopt them to adhere to them strictly in all cases. 

Lessons should be assigned and recitations heard^ not so nmch in conformity with 
rules as in accwdance with circumstances. 

ASSIGNING THE LESSON. 

1. " Give out " a short lesson, at the same time designating a 
map to be drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, 
among other things, the location of the important places mention- 
ed in the lesson, [jj^" Let it be understood that no lesson is learn- 
ed by a pupil until he has learned how every place mentioned in 
it is located. 

2. Let the lesson be read by the class, care being taken to 
have all the proper names correctly pronounced. Endeavor, also, 
to give interest to the lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throw- 
ing in historical incidents, and referring to authors. 

RECITATION. 

3. Let the maps be examined and criticised. In this duty 
the teacher may be aided very much by a system of examinations 
carried out \)y he pupils themselves, who will derive benefit in 
many respects by the exercise. 

4. Bring out the facts of the lesson with clearness, partic- 
ularly the relation of causes to results. If any question is not fully 
answered, put others to elicit wliat has been omitted. Then ask 
the first question again, requiring it to be properly answered. Of 
course the teacher should in all cases aim to have his questions 
answered with intelligence. Use outline wall-maps, and question 
freely on the geography. Occasionally have the maps drawn on 
the blackboard. ^^^° Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear 
that the pupil is acquainted with the location of the places referred 
to in it. 

REVIEWS. 

5. Review by topics. Besides the oral method, the composition 
plan (see Appendix, p. 62) and the one by written diagrams (see 
model preceding p. 18) should occasionally be used. (The Review 
Questions, at different places in the book, furnish a number of 
topics and suggest others. A list of about two hundred topics is 
also given at the end of the book.) 

6. Dates. Do not require dates too freely,— the month and 
the day of the month in no case, unless there is a special reason 
for it. Take the date of an important event as a turning point ; 
and, when it is well fixed in the mind, arrange on the one side the 
train of events as causes, and on the other the train of results. 



IlfTEODUGTIOK 



1. The geographers of ancient times had no knowledge whatever 
of America ; though it has been asserted that, several years before 
Christ, navigators had sailed out of the Mediterranean Sea, and, 
being wafted across the Atlantic Ocean by the trade-winds, had 
reached the Western Continent. 

2. About five centuries previous to the discovery of America by 
Columbus, the Northmen, a people from Norway, colonized Iceland 
and Greenland, and made explorations in America as far south as 
New England. Settlements are also said to have been made by 
them, and intercourse kept up for some time with the mother 
country. These expeditious, however, seem not to have attracted 
any general attention ; nor were their results permanent, or known 
to the other nations of Europe, 

3. It is certain, indeed, that when Columbus set sail on his event- 
ful voyage in 1493, he had not the least knowledge of the existence 
of a second continent, nor is there any evidence whatever that he 
even imagined there was such a continent. His great aim was to 
find a shorter and better route to India than the one then travelled 
by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. To him, nevertheless, is justly 
ascribed the honor of being the discoverer of the New World, since 
it was through his enterprise and sagacity that its existence came 
to be generally known. 

4. At the time of Columbus's discovery, the continent of America, 
from the icy latitudes of the North to the regions fiir south of the 
equator, together with most of its islands, was inhabited by various 
races who ditfered in many respects from Europeans. As the coun- 
try at that time, and until Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean 
(p. 17), was supposed to be a part of India, these inhabitants were 
called Indians. In some parts of the country they were found to 
have attained a considerable degree of civilization ; in others they 
were in the savage state, being divided into tribes, living in rude 
huts called wigwams, and existing mostly by fishing and hunting 



6 INTRODUCTION. 



They spoke different languages, and their religion consisted in wor 
shipping an unknown and in^isible Deity, vrhom they called the 
*' Great Spu'it." 

5. Whence did they come ? How did they reach America ? How 
long had they been living there ? These questions have been asked 
a great many times, but have never yet been satisfactorily answered. 
Many theories have been advanced to solve the difficulty ; but the 
origin of these various races, both civilized and uncivilized, remains 
as much a mysteiy as ever. 

6. According to one of these theories, America received its first 
inhabitants from eastern Asia, by way of Behring's Straits ; while 
otlier and more probable statements are, that vessels were at various 
times watted by the trade-winds across the Atlantic Ocean from 
the Old World, and that thus people of different races being acci- 
dentally carried to the other continent, settled there, and founded 
the different nations which inhabited it at the time of its dis- 
covery by Columbus. 

7. Of one thing there can be no doubt. When America was dis- 
covered by Columbus, it had been inliabited for centmies ; and the 
previous occupants of certain portions of it had attained a degree 
of civilization not possessed by their inhabitants at the time of this 
discovery. The evidences of this are still abundant in the niius of 
temples and other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver 
found buried beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of potteiy 
of great antiquity have also been found ; and mounds of remark- 
able extent are seen in certain parts, the origin of which was un- 
known to the uncivUized Indians. 

8. After Columbus led the way, expeditions were undertaken by 
Europeans of different nations in order to explore the New 'World, 
and make settlements in various parts of it. None were marked 
by more heroism and self-sacritice than those conducted by tlie 
French Catholics in their efforts to explore the country in the 
region of the great lakes, and along the Mississippi River and its 
tributary streams. INIarquette {mar-ket\ La Salle (m?), and others, 
penetrated the vast wilderness by way of the St. Lawrence ; and 
they were followed by others who established stations at various 
places, and labored to convert the Indians to their faith.* 

9. At the close of the Revolutionary War, the western boundary 
of the territorial possessions of the United States extended only to 
the iVDssissippi (p 98). By the " Louisiana Purchase," in 1803, the 

* See noto 0, end ol" lipectiou I. 



h'- -, 




Marqiu'tte Sailing Down the Mississippi. 



" Oil the 17th of June (1G73), they saw on their right tne broad mciidows, bounded in the 
distance by rugi^cd hills, where now stands the town of Prairie du Chien. Before them, a 
wild and rapid current coursed athwart their way, by the foot of lofty heights wrapped 
thick in forests. They had found what they sought, and ' witli a joy,' writes Marquette, 
'which I cannot express,' they steered forth their canoes o!i the eddies of tlie xMississippi." 

— r.VUKMAir. 



rNTRODUCTION. 7 



limits were extended to the Rocky Mountains (p. 110). The coast 
strip, about fifty miles wide, between Florida and Louisiana, claimed 
by Spain as a part of Florida, was occupied by the United States at 
the beginning of the '-War of 1812," and, under the claim that it 
was part of the *' Louisiana Purchase," was retained. In 1819, 
Florida was acquired by cession from Spain (p. 135), all the " rights, 
claims, and pretensions" of Spain to territory west of the Missis- 
sippi and north of the 42d parallel, being, at the same time, also 
ceded to the United States. 

10. The region west of the Rocky Mountains, extending from 
latitude 42° to about 54°, with the Pacific for its western boundaiy, 
was long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United States, 
because, among other reasons, its principal river had been discov- 
ered by an American — Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Bos- 
ton — in 1792; and because, during the administration of President 
Jeff'erson, it was explored by Captains Lewis and Clark, command- 
ing an overland expedition sent out by the United States govern- 
ment. Gray gave the name of his vessel to the river he discovered. 
By the treaty made with Spain in 1819, the United States strength- 
ened their claim to the region. 

11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when, by treaty, 
the boundary line between the possessions of the two nations was 
fixed at the 49th parallel ; and thus was settled a controversy which 
had been continued for a number of years, and which, at one time, 
threatened to produce a war4jetween the two countries. In 1845, 
Texas became a member of the Union by annexation (pp. 14" 1-143). 
California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada were acquired 
from Mexico by conquest ; and their possession was confirmed by 
a treaty made at the close of the war with that countr}'- (p. 150), 
and by subsequent negotiation. Alaska was purchased from Russia 
in 1867 (p. 184). 

Note.—" The evidences of the former existence of a pre-historic race, known 
as the moaiid-biulders, who ur one time occupied the principal affluents of the 
Mississippi, the Gulf Coast, and the region of the Great Lakes, are too conclu- 
sive to admit of doubt. These evidences consist of tumuli symmetrically raised 
and often enclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, 
and circle, with long lines of circumvallatiou; of pits in. the solid rock, and 
ruobish-heaps formed in the prosecution of th'-ir mining operations; and of a 
variety of utensils, wrought in sroue or copper, or moulded in clay, whicli evince 
a knowledge of art and methodical hibor foreign to the Red man. While the 
character of these structures, as traced over wide areas, diller in minor i)articu- 
lars, still there is a great uniformity which stamps the authors as one people and 
subjects of one controlling government." — Foster's Pre-Hisloric liaces in the 
United States of America. 



^^^giF 



Gdisco^ries 
explorations 






I'rltU 
t.l. 




'^aiieJtreton I. 



^^^"^^ 












•Z 



1- -■ -■ > 

-Vmi d a s S*T} arlovv: 



Jieh'i nda 






De Soto Fleet, 15SU 
o^ zr L T O J 



1302. 



Tortxtqas 7.> 
.-.CorToz. 



,„n7««n'^ 






ColmnbtiSjti^^ 



siRvWH?? 



V 



* _ ^^^^ 



P, C ^Jll £ JB £ ^y 




S^ 






HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION I. 

Discoveries and Ej'ploratioyis. 

EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO 
THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. 

1. America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Co- 
hmibus, a native of Genoa (jen'-o-ah)^ Italy. Believing 
the earth to be round, Columbus concluded that by sailing 
westward he would sooner reach India than by taking 
the usual route by way of Egypt. Tlie route around 
the southern extremity of Africa was not tlien known.* 

2. Being too poor to fit out an expedition at his own 
expense, he applied for aid to the republic of Genoa, and 
afterward to the monarchs of England and Portugal ; 
but in vain. At hist he was assisted by Isabella, Queen 
of Spain. With a fleet of three vessels he set sail, and 
after a voyage of ten weeks, discovered one of the Baha- 

Map Questions.— (See Map, pai^e 8.) Where are the Bahama Islands ? The 
West Indies ? Where is Guanahani ? Labrador ? Porto Rico ? Florida ? St. 
Domingo? Cuba? Tampa Bay? Newfoundland? Quebec? Nova Scotia T 
New Brunswick ? Acadia ? Port Royal entrance ? St. Aucustine ? Pamlico 
Sound ? /.Ibemarle Sound ? Viririnia ? Cape Cod ? Maine? Martha's Vineyard ? 
Jamestown ? Into what waters does Ihe Mississippi flow ? The St. Lawrence ? 
The St. John's ? The Kennebec ? The James ? 

1. Who was Columbus? When was America discovered? Who made the 
discovery ? What belief did Col.mbus have ? What was then the usual route 
to India? What route was then not yet known ? 

2. For what did Columbus solicit aid? Why did he do so? Of whom did 
he ask aid ? Who. finally, assisted him ? What can you state of his first voyage ? 
What laud did he discover ? What name did he give it ? 

* " The crown of Portugal was constant in its efforts, through the fifteenth century, to find 
a passage round the southern point of Africa into the Indian Ocean; tliough so timid was tlie 
navigation that every fresh headland became a formidable barrier ; and it was not till the 
latter part of the century that the adventurous Diaz passed quite round the Stormy (;ape, as 
he termed it, but which John the Second (King of Portugal), with happier augury, called the 
Cape of Good Hope. But, before Vasco de Gama had avaded himself of this discovery to 
spread his sails in the Indian seas (1497), Spain entered ou her glorious career, and sent Colum- 
bus across the western waters."— Pcewo^f.'! Conquest of Peru. 



10 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1492. 

ma Islands, called by the natives Gur.nahani ((/icah-nah- 
hah'-ne). He gave it the name of San Salvador. 

3. Columbus made three other voyages to the New 
World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just 
described, his discoveries were confined to the islands 
between North and South America. These he supposed 
to be near India; but when, in after years, the mistake 
became known, they were called the West Indies, and the 
islands southeast of Asia were called the East Indies. 

4. In his third voyage,* made in 1498, Columbus dis- 
covered the mainland, at the mouth of the river 0-ri-no'- 
co, in South America ; and in his last he examined the 
coast of Da-ri-en'. He died in Spain, at the age of seventy, 
a few months after he returned from his fourth voyage. 
He never knew that he had discovered a new continent, f 

5. In 1497, John Cabot (kab'-bot), and his son Sebastian, 
wdiile sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of 
England, reached the coast of Labrador, and thus were 
the first to discover the continent of America. In a 
second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1498, the 
coast from Labrador to Chesa])eake Bay was explored. 

6. In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci [ahrmci-re-go ves-poot'- 
che), a Florentine navigator, visited the eastern coast of 
South America, and. in 1501, made a second voyage to 
the same regions. He prepared accounts of the two voy- 
ages, from which he acquired the reputation of being the 
discoverer of the western mainland. In consequence of 
this, as well as from the fact that his were the first pub- 
lisl>ed accounts of the newly discovered country, it was 
called America. (See Appendix, p. V6, topic 208.) 

3. Columbus's second voyaLro? Why were the West Indies so called? 

4. Columbus's third voyage? His fourth ? What further of Columbus? 

5. What discovery was made iu 1497 ? What exploration in 14*)S? 

6. Who was Amerigo Vespucci ? What two voyages are mentioned ? Why 
was the new world called America ? 



* Eead Note 1, end of this Section. 

t His body was deposited in a convent at Vailadolid, Spain, but was after- 
ward removed to Seville, Spain. Twenty-three years alter, it was taken acrosa 
the Atlantic to St. Domingo, and finally, two hundred and sixry years later, was 
carried with great ceremony to the cathedral at Havana, its present resting-place. 



1512.1 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 

7. Twenty years after Columbus's first and great dis- 
covery, Ponce de Leon {^j^on-thd dd Ici-dn')^ an aged Span- 
iard, sailed from Porto liico [re'-co) in search of a won- 
derful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the 
Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all 
who might drink of its waters. 

8. After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1512, 
an unknown land, whose forests were adorned with 
llowers. From the abundance of the flowers, and also 
because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which 
the Spaniards call Pascua i^lorida [jKih'-scoo-ah Jlo-re'- 
dah), it received the name of Florida. His search for 
the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. 

9. Several years after, he went again to Florida. His 
object this time was to make a settlement, he having 
been appointed governor of the country upon the condi- 
tion that he would colonize it. He effected a landing, 
but in an attack made by the natives, the Spaniards 
were killed or driven back to their ships, and De 
Leon received a mortal wound — of which he died, in 
Cuba. 

10. Two expeditionfi were made to Carolina by De 
Ayllon (dd ile-yo7ie'). The object of the first, made in 
1520, was the capture of natives to work the plantations 
and mines of St. Domingo. The second was undertaken 
to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful.* 

11. In 1517, Cordova (kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, 
and explored the northern coast of Yu-ca-tan'. After- 
ward, Cor'-tez, who had been sent by the governor of 

•7. Who was Ponce de Leon? What visionary enterprise did he undertake!? 

8. Did he discover the fountain ? Why not ? What did he discover ? Wliy 
was tiie land called Florida? 

9. Wliat next did J)e Leon undertake? What was the result ? 

10. What was undertaken in 1520? What, afterward ? What were the results ? 

11. When was Mexico discovered? Who made the discovery ? What else 
did Cordova do ? What did Cortez accomplish ? 



* Many of De Ayllon's men, in the second expedition, were killed by the 
natives, because he had kidnapped a number of their companions in his first ex- 
pedition. He himself barely escaped. 



12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1528. 



Cuba, succeeded in conquering tlie Mexicans ; and their 
country, in 1521, became a province of Spain. (App. p. 65.) 

12. Narvaez {nar-vah'-eth), believing Florida to be a 
land of great wealth, obtained from the Spanish sovereign 
an appointment as governor, and, in 1528, sailed from 
Cuba, to conquer and possess it. The attempt proved 
disastrous ; for of the three hundred men who penetrated 
the wild regions, only four, after years of wandering, suc- 
ceeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 

13. These men asserted that Florida was the richest 
country in the world,— a statement which the people of 
Spain generally believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto 
{da so' -to). With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay com- 
pany of SIX hundred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, 
whence he proceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores 
of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced 
his march into the interior.* 

14. After wandering for nearly three years, during 
which, in 1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened 
and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who re- 
garded him with fear, his body was sunk in the waters of 
the great river which he had discovered. The remnant 
of his followers, having in vain tried to reach Mexico 
through the forests, built seven frail barks, sailed down 
the Mississippi and along the coast of Mexico, until they 
reached a Spanish settlement. (Read Note 2, end of Sec.) 

15. In 1524, Yerrazzani (ver-rat-tsah'-ne)., a Florentine 
navigator, sailing in the service of France, explored the 
coast of America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland 
{new' -fund-land). To the whole region thus examined he 

12. What belief did Narvaez have? What appointment did he obtain? 
From what place did he sail ? With what object ? What was the result ? 

13. Who was De Soto? What statement did he believe ? Give an account 
of the bctriniiinsr of his oxi)edition. 

14. Give a further account of his expedition. What river did he discover? 
When did he make the discovery ? What became of his followers ? 

15. Who was Verrazzani ? What explorations did he make ? What name 
did he give to the region ? Where is Chesapeake Bay ? (See Map, p. 53.) 

* His exploratiojis extended about two hundred miles west of the Mississippi. 



1534.] DISCOVERIES AND EXPLOEATIONS. 13 

— — ^ — m — — ■ 

gave the name of New France, a name which was after- 
ward restricted to Canada. (Read Note 3, end of Sec.) 

16. No other explorations were made by the French 
until 1534. In that year and the following, James Cartier 
(car-te-a) made two voyages, discovered the St. Lawrence, 
explored its banks, and took possession of the whole 
country in the name of his king. The French, however, 
effected no permanent settlement in Canada until one was 
made on the site of Quebec, in 1608.* 

17. But Quebec was not the first settlement made by 
the French on the American continent, as Port Royal, 
now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, was settled three years 
before. The French, claiming the whole territory now 
included in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, called it 
A-ca'-di-a. 

18. The French Protestants, or Huguenots, as they 
were called, desired to have in America a place of refuge. 
With the permission of King Charles, and aided by the 
celebrated Coligny {/lO-Ieeii-T/e'), two attempts were made 
to establish a colony — one at Port Royal entrance, Caro- 
lina, in 1562, and the other on the banks of the St. John's 
River, Florida, in 1564. 

19. The settlers of 1562 built a fort, to whioli they 
gave the name of Carolina, in honor of Charles ( Carolus, 
in Latin), their king. Twenty-six men were left to keep 
possession of the country, wliile the others, with John 
Ribault (re-bo'), their commander, returned to France for 
re-enforcements ; but the promised aid not arriving, the 
colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. 

20. Spain, unwilling that the settlement on the St. 

16. When was the St. Lawrence discovered? By whom? What further 
did Cartier do ? When was Quebec settled ? By whom ? 

17. Which was the first French settlement in America? When was Port 
Royal settled ? What country was called Acadia ? Who called it so ? 

18. Who were the Huguenots? What desire did they have? Who aided 
them ? What settlements were he£?un by them ? 

1 9. Give an account of the Carolina settlement. 



* By Samuel Champlain, the discoverer and explorer of Lake Champlain. 



14; DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1583. 



John's should exist, commissioned Melendez {md-len- 
deth) to destroy it. After laying the foundations of St. 
Augustine, in 1565, Melendez proceeded against the 
Huguenots, whom he surprised and massacred. In re- 
venge, De Gourgues [goorg), of France, two years after, 
surprised the Spanish forts on the St. John's, and hung 
two hundred captives upon the trees. 

21. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England, 
under a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. His design 
was to take possession of the northern parts of America, 
and found a colony in Newfoundland. Pie landed on the 
island, but, in consequence of disasters, no attempt at 
settlement was made. On the retijrn to England, one of 
the ships, that in which Gilbert sailed, foundered, and all 
on board perished.* 

^2. Sir Walter Raleigh [rmo'-le), not disheartened by 
the sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from 
Elizabeth an ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, 
under the command of Am'-i-das and Barlow. The voy- 
agers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands 
in Pam'-li-co and Albemarle sounds, took possession of 
the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after 
trafficking with the natives, returned to England. 

23. So glowing an account did Amidas and Barlow give 
of the country which they had seen, that Elizabeth de- 
clared the event to be the most glorious in her reign, 
and, as a memorial of her unmarried state, named the 
region Virginia. Upon Raleigh she conferred the honor 
of knighthood. (See Appendix, p. 73, topic 147.) 

20. Give tin uccount of tlie St. John's settlement. When was St. Au<rustine 
settled? By whom? How does it ranlc in age among the towns in the United 
States ? An^. It is the oldest. What reventre did De Gourgnes have ? 

21. What vovage was commenced in 1583? What was Gilbert's design ? 
Give an account of Gilbert's operations ? Of his fate. 

22. Who was Raleigh ? Give an account of his expedition sent in 1584 ? 

23. Why was lh>; country called Virginia ? Honor conferred upon Raleigh? 

* Gilbert "sitting aljaft with a book in his bund, cried ont to those in the other vessel. 
' We are as near to Heaven by sea as by land.' That same night the lights .if the Squirrel 
fa bark of only ten tons) suddenly disappeared, and neither ve>isel nor any of its crew was 
ever seen again." — Bnncro/t. 



1^8 5.] DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 

24. Two attempts were afterward made by Raleigh to 
establish a colony on 1 loanoke Island — one, under Ralph 
Lane in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 1587. 
The people under Lane, after a year of distress at Roan- 
oke, embarked for England with Sir Francis L)rake, who 
had stopped there on his way from the West Indies. White 
did not remain long at the island : lie went to England 
for supplies. When he returned, after an absence of 
nearly three years, none of the colonists could be 
found. (Read Note 4, end of Section.) 

25. The next attempt to plant an English colony in 
America was made by Bartholomew Gos'-nold, in 1602. 
He discovered Cape Cod, and so named it because of the 
great number of codfish caught there. Concluding to 
settle on one of the Elizabeth Islands, he built a store- 
house and fort ; but discontents arising, the design was 
abandoned, and the whole party returned to England. 

26. The favorable reports of the country made by Gos- 
nold induced some English merchants to fit out two ves- 
sels, under the command -of Martin Pring, for exploration 
and trade. Pring, in 1603, examined the shores and large 
rivers of Maine, as well as the coast thence to Martha's 
Vineyard. Three years later lie made a second voyage, 
and also a more accurate survey of Maine. 

27. The territory which the English claimed, basing 
their claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended 
from the 3 4th to the 45th degrees of north latitude. In 
1606, James I. divided this region into two divisions. 
The northern, called North Virginia, he granted to the 

24. What did Raleiajh Avish to do ? Give an account of the undertaking con- 
ducted by Lane. Of the one conducted by White. 

25. When was Cape Cod discovered ? By whom? Why was it so named? 
Give an account of Gosnold's attempt at settlement. Where are the Elizabeth 
Islands ? (See Map, p. 24. See, for Gosuold, p. 18, 1 2.) 

26. Who sent Pring to America? What induced 1 hem to send him? Give 
an account of his first voyage. Of his second. 

27. What extent of American territory did the English claim? What waa 
their title to the claim ? What division was made of the territory in 1606 ? 



XoTE.— For an account of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, see Note 5, end 
of Section, 



16 DISCOYERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1607. 

Plymouth Company ; and the southern, called South Vir- 
ginia, to the London Company. 

28. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth 
Company sent a number of planters, who began a settle- 
ment at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but the cold of the 
winter, the destruction of their storehouse, and the death 
of their president, discouraged them, and they returned 
to England. 

29. The London Company were successful. They sent 
more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by 
Christopher Newport. The design of the colonists was 
to settle on Roanoke, but a storm carried the vessels fur- 
ther north. Sailing up a large stream, which they named 
the James River, they selected a place for a settlement, 
and called it Jamestown. (See note, p. 23.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1492. America was discovered by Columbus. 

1497. The Continent of America was discovered by John Cabot. 

1498. The coast of North America was explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
The Continent of America was discovered by Columbus. 

1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. Florida was discovered by De Leon.* 

1520. Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 

1521. Mexico was conquered by Cortez. 

1524. Tlie coast of North America was explored by Yerrazzani. 
1528. Tlie conquest of Florida Avas undertaken b}' Narvaez. 
1534. Tlie St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
1541. The INIississippi was discovered by De Soto. 
1562. The Huguenots began a settlement at Port Royal. 
1564. The Huguenots began a settlement in Florida. 

Map Question?.— (Sec Map, p. 53.) What lar<re bay is on the East ftf Tii'' 
jrinia ? Into what body of water does the James River flow ? Where is James- 
town ? Where are the Bermuda Islands? (See Map, p. S.) 

28. What attempt at settlement did the Plymouth Company malce ? What 
caused the failure of tlie attempt ? 

29- Where did the London Company desicfu to plant a colony ? Did thoy dO 
60 ? Why not ? Where did they make a settlement ? 

* Buckingham Smith, in his History of Florida, says that the discovery took place in 

1513. De Leon's diary eives Easter Sunday, March 27th, as the date of the discovery, which 
agrees with the year ISIS. In 1512, Easter Sunday camo in April. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 



1565. St. Augustine was settled by the Spaniards. 

1584. The coast of Carolina was explored by Amidas and Barlow. 

1585. The first attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1587. Second attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1G02. Cape Cod was discovered by Gosnold. 

1003. The New England coast was explored by Pring. 
1G05. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French. 
1G06. The London and Plymouth Companies received charters. 
1607. The Plymouth Co. began a settlement on the Kennebec. 
Jamestown was settled by the London Company. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 9, 10 

2. Give an account of tlae Cabots and their two voyages 10 

3. Give an account of the two voyages made by Vespucci 10 

4. Give an account of De Leon's two expeditions to Florida 11 

5. Give an account of De Ayllon's two expeditions to Carolina 11 

6. Of Narvaez's expedition (12). — T. Of De Soto's expedition Ij' 

8. Of Verrazzani's expeditions (12, 13). — 9. Of Cartier's expeditions 1S> 

10. Give an account of the Huguenot settlement at Port Royal entrance. . . 13 

11. Of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River 13, 14 

12. Of Gilbert's expedition to Newfoundland, and his fate 14 

13. Of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow 14 

14. Of Raleigh's two attempts to settle Roanoke Island 15 

15. Of Gosnold's expedition and discovery in 1602 15 

16. Of two voyages made by Pring to New England 15 

IT. What grants of land did King James make in 1600 ? 15, 16 

18. What were the exact limits of the two regions thus granted? Ans. 

North Virginia extended from the 41st to the 45th degree of north 
latitude ; and South Virginia, from the 34th to the 38th degree. 

19. Give an account of the undertaking made by the Plymouth Company. . 16 

20. Give an account of the success of the London Company in 1607 16 

21. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1492 to 1541 . 16 

22. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1541 to 1607 16, 17 

2i. Name six: of the early navigators who sailed iu the interests of Spain 9-17 

24. Name four of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of France . . . 9-17 

25. Name eleven ol' the early navigators who sailed in the mterests of England. 9 17 

26. By whom Avas the southwest passage to Asia discovered ? Ans. By 

Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed through the strait which bears his 
name, in 1520. At the Philippine Islands, in a contest with the na- 
tives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by way of 
the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the 
globe, 
37. Had the Pacific Ocean been previously discovered ? Ans. In 1513, 
Bal-bo'-a, while crossing the Isthmus of Darien, gained the summit 
of a mountain, from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. (See 
Note 5, end of Section.) 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



SPANISH. 



Columbus discovered all the large islands of the West Indies, 
besides a nnniber of the small ones. He also discovered South 
America (1498) and explored the coast of Darien (1503). 

Ponce de Leon discovered Florida and explored its coast 
(1512). 

Balboa, while crossing the isthmus of Darien, discovered \ho 
Pacitic Ocean, and called it the South Sea (1518). (Note 5, endofsecj 

Cordova explored the northern coast of Yucatan (1517). 

Magellan sailed around South America to the Pacific (1520) ; and 
westward to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed in a con- 
test with the natives. One of his vessels continued the voyage, 
thus making the tirst circumnavigation of the earth (1522). 

De Ayllon made two expeditions to Carolina (1520 and 1524). 

Cortez sailed to Mexico (1519) and conquered it (1521). 

Narvaez explored the interior of Florida (1528). 

De Soto explored a large part of the country trom Florida to a 
point several hundred miles west of the Mississippi (1589 to 1542). 

ENGLISH. 

The Cabots discovered Labrador (1497) ; and Sebastian Cabot, 
in a second voyage, sailed along the coast from Labrador to Chesa- 
peake Bay (1498y. 

Drake sailed along the coast of California (1579). 

Gilbert made a voyage to Newfoundland (1583). 

Raleigh sent an expedition to North Carolina (1584) ; and made 
two attempts to found a colony (1585, 1587). 

Gosnold explored the coast of Massachusetts (1602). 

Pring explored the coast of New England (1G03). 

FRENCH. 

Verrazzani explored the coast from Carolina to Newfoundland, 
being the first European to enter the harbor of New York (1524). 

Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence (1534), and, in a second 
voyage, sailed up the river as far as Montreal (1535). 

DUTCH. 

Hudson sailed up the Hudson River as far as Albany (1609). 

The western coast of North America w;is fir^^t explored by tho Spaniards. 
Expeditions s^eiit by Cortez examined tiie Caliloniia peninsula. Alaryon 
{ah-lar'-son), sent bv the <.'overn<)r of Mexico, in 1540 ascended the Colorado 
River lieyond iho Ciila {he'-lah); and Coronado {ko-ro-nah'-do). also sent, at the 
same tinie. wandered for three 5 ears over the resjions now known as Arizona, 
New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (1540-1543). In 1542. Cabrillo [cab- 
red'-yo), comniandinir two vessels, sent by the Mexican governor, exannned 
the coast as far as the northern limits of San Francisco Bay; but, dvinsr, his 
pilot. Fer-re'-lo, next year continued tlic exploration as far north, probably, as 
the latitude of 43 dejirees. 



1807.] COLONIAL HISTOKY. 19 



Katclift'e, Smith was formally elected in his jjlace. To 
the efforts of the new president the salvation of the in- 
fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, 
as well as the James and other rivers, and often returned 
with supplies of corn. 

5. It is related that Smith, while on one of his expedi- 
tions, was surprised by a large body of Indians, and, after 
a desperate struggle, was captured, and conducted to 
Pow^hatan [pow-hat-tan) ^ the principal chief. The war- 
riors met in council, so goes the story, and determined 
that Smith should be put to death. 

6. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon 
a stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs 
to dash out his brains, Po-ca-hon'-tas, a daughter of Pow- 
hatan, rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her 
arms, and begged that his life might be saved. It is fur- 
ther related that the conduct of Pocahontas touched her 
father's heart, and the sentence was revoked. Recent 
investigations, however, j-ender it nearly certain that no 
such event ever took place. 

7. The London Company, not having realized their ex- 
pectations of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought 
and obtained a second charter, in 1609, and conferred 
upon Lord Delaware, a nobleman distinguished for his 
virtues, the appointment of governor for life. Three com- 
missioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers (sum'-erz), who 
had been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony 
till the arrival of Delaware, were dispatched to America 
with a fleet of nine vessels, and more than five hundred 
emio-rants. 



5. Who was Powhatan ? What is stated in relation to the capture of Smith ? 
What further is stated? 

6. State what is said in relation to carrying out the sentence. Of the part 
taken by Pocahontas. Of the result. Of the whole story. 

7. When did the London Company get a second charter? Why did they ask 
fof it? Who was Lord Delaware? What appointment was given him ? What 
is stated of three commissioners ? 



20 COLOIsIAL HIISTOKY. [1610. 

8. While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the 
fleet. One of the vessels (that bearing the commission- 
ers) was wrecked on the Ber-mu'-da Islands, and another 
foundered ; the others reached the James River in safety. 
Considering that no person had yet arrived to supersede 
him, Smith maintained his position as president, until, 
having been severely injured by an explosion of gunpow- 
der, he returned to England for surgical aid. (P. 23, •[21.)* 

9. Xo sooner had Smith fairly departed than the col- 
onists gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The 
Indians became hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and 
in less than six months not more than sixty of the five 
hundred persons whom he had left were alive. This pe- 
riod, extending over the first half of 1610, was long re- 
membered as the " starving time." 

10. In consequence of their destitution and gloomy 
prospects, the colonists determined to seek safety among 
the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four vessels 
they embarked ; but, just as they were drawing near the 
mouth of the river. Lord Delaware appeared with emi- 
grants and supplies, and persuaded them to return. The 
new administration was a Avise one, and under it the col- 
ony prospered. In consequence, however, of ill health, 
Delaware was soon compelled to return to England. He 
was succeeded in office by Sir Thomas Gates. 

11. New settlements were made in the vicinity of 
Jamestown ; and, notwithstanding the laws were harsh 
and strict, the colony continued to prosper. With a 
view to greater privileges, the London Company obtained 

8. What misfortune befell them ? Where are the Bermudas ? (p. S.) Why did 
Smith go to England ? (The three commissioners afterward reached Virginia.) 

9. How did the colonists behave after Smith left them ? What were tbe con- 
sequences ? What further is stated ? 

10. What did the colonists determine upon ? Why did they so determine ? 
Did they carry out their plan ? Why not ? What is said of Lord Delaware's ad- 
ministration "? Why did he return to England * Who succeeded him in office ? 

11. When did the London Company receive their third charter ? What re* 
warkable feature did the new charter contain ? 



* See Appendix, page 73, topic 149. 



1612.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 

their third charter, in 1G12. A remarkable feature of the 
new charter allowed the company to hold meetings for 
the transaction of business, thus giving to that body a 
democratic form of government. 

12. Next year occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to 
a young Englishman, named John Rolfe {rolf). This 
event proved of great public importance, as it had the 
effect of establishing a confirmed peace with Powhatan. 
Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied 
her husband to England, where she was an object of in- 
terest to all classes of citizens, and was presented at 
Court. While preparing to return to her native land, slie 
suddenly died, leaving a son, from whom are descended 
some well-known families in Virginia. 

13. The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1619, 
when a Dutch trading-vessel entered the James River 
with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into 
perpetual slavery.* During the next year, about a 
hundred women of good reputation arrived from England, 
and were married to the planters, each man giving for 
his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the 
price of her passage to America. The culture of cotton 
was begun the next year. 

\L After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death 
of her father, peaceful relations existed between the 
settlers and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan's suc- 
cessor commenced a bloody war, in one day massacring 
about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. 
The colonists retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of 
the enemy. In an attack made upon the settlements, in 



12. What event occurred in 1613? Of what advantage did it prove to the 
colonists*? What further can you state of Pocahontas? 

13. When did \\(i<s.\-o slavery commence in this country? State the circum' 
Btances. What other event took place in 1620 ? In 1621 ? 

1 4. What occurred in 1622 ? Give an account of what followed. 



* See Appendix, page 63, topic 17. 



22 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1644. 

1644, about three hundred persons were killed. Hostili- 
ties continued until 1G46, when fi treaty was made. 

15. The aftairs of the colony caused frequent meetings 
of the London Company, which were largely attended. 
The freedom of speech manifested on such occasions dis- 
pleased the king, James I., and, under the pretext that 
the disasters to the colony were the result of bad govern- 
ment, he dissolved the company. Thus Virginia became, 
in 1624, a royal province. 

16. The " Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 
1651, secured to English shipping the monopoly of the 
carryino; trade with Enoland. Thouo^h not at first en- 
forced against Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, 
with new provisions, it was vigorously executed, notwith- 
standing the remonstrances of the people. (See note, p. 65.) 

17- The colonists, in consequence, became dissatisfied; 
and when, in 1673, Charles II. ceded to Lord Culpepper 
and the Earl of Arlington "all the dominion of land and 
water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years, 
their dissatisfaction was greatly increased. 

18. Besides, they were restricted in the elective fran- 
chise, were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals 
of the Church of England, and the taxes levied were un- 
equal and oppressive. A spirit of rebellion, in conse- 
quence, broke out among the "common people," who 
wanted but an excuse for appearing in arms ; and it 
was soon found in an invasion made by the Susquehanna. 
Indians. 

19. The measures for defence adopted by Berkeley, the 
governor, being inefficient, the people demanded permis- 

15. When did Virginia become a royal province? How was the change 
broutrlit about? 

16. Wlien was the "Navigation Act" passed? What feature of it is men- 
tioned ? What is said of the enforcement of the act? 

17. What made the colonists dissatisfied? What increased their dissatis- 
faction ? 

18. What restriction is mentioned ? What requirement ? What oppression T 
What was the consequence ? 



1676.1 COLONIAL HISTORY. 23 

sion to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, 
a struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known 
as Bacon's Rebelliox. Five hundred men under arms, 
with Nathaniel Bacon as leader, marched against the 
Indians, whom they defeated. The colonists recovered 
for a time the rights which they formerly enjoyed ; but 
Bacon dying, Berkelev caused twenty-two of the insur- 
gents to be hung; and fines, imprisonments, and conhsca- 
tions disgraced the rest of his administration. ( Ap., p. 63.)* 
20. Upon his recall by the king, in 1677, Virginia be- 
came a proprietary government, with Culpepper as gov- 
ernor. Culpepper ruled till 1684, Avhen, because of his 
mismanagement, the king revoked the grant made in 
1673, and deprived him of his office. Virginia then be- 
came a royal province again, and so remained till the 
Revolution. (See Appendix, p. 75, topic 176.) 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FEOM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW 
ENGLVND COLONIES, IN 1643. 

21. Captain Smith, who had performed so creditable a 
part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 
1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in America. 
He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to 
Cape Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which 
hegave the name of New England. (App., p. 76, top. 195.) 

19. Who was Berkeley? Wliat demand did the people make? Why did 
they make it ? How did Berkeley treat their demand ? The consequence ? Who 
was Bacon ? What farther can you say of him ? Of Berkeley ? 

20. When was Berkeley recalled? What, then, did Virginia hecome? What 
further history of Virginia can von give ? 

21. What explorations did Captain Smith make in 1614? Where had Smith 
previously made explorations ? How did New England get its name ? 

* "I find no vestiges of the ancient town (Jamestown) except the ruins of a 
church-steeple and a disordered group of old tombstones. The ruin of the 
steeple is about thirty feet high, and mantled to its very summit with ivy."— 
Wirfs Life of Patrick Heavy. 



24 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



[1620. 



22. The original Plymouth Company having been su- 
perseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, the 
king, James I., granted to the latter, in 1620, all tlie ter- 
ritory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of 
north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

23. It was not, however, under the direction of this 
company, nor with the aid of the king, that the first per- 




manent settlement was made in New England, but by a 
small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of 
England, who had fled from their own country to find an 

Map Questions.— Where is Cape Cod? Cape Cod Baj'? Plvmouth? Salem? 
Boston? Little Ilarboi ? Portsmouth? Dover? Merrimac River ? Penobscot 
River? (Map. p 61.) 

22. What company took the place of the Plymouth Company? What grant 
was made to the new company? 

23. Who were the Puritans? Who were the Pilgrims ? Why did the Pil- 
grims leave England ? 



1620.] COLONIAL HISTOKY. 25 



asylum from religious persecution. They were known in 
England as Puritans. 

24. They at iirst went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence 
they removed to Leyden {Ti'-den). At Leyden they lived 
eleven years in great harmony, under the pastoral care of 
John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis- 
satisfied with their residence, and desired to plant a colony 
in America, Avhere they might enjoy their civil and reli- 
gious rights without molestation. After much solicitation, 
they obtained a grant of land from the London Company. 

2^. As many as could be accommodated, embarked on 
board a vessel called the Speedwell. The ship sailed to 
Southampton, England, where she was joined by another 
ship, called the Mayflower, with other Pilgrims from Lon- 
don. The tw^o vessels set sail, but had not gone far before 
the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered 
the port of Dartmouth (^/ar^'-mz^^A), England. A second time 
they started, but again put back — this time to Plymouth, 
where the Speedwell was abandoned as unseaworthy. 

26. The Mayflower finally sailed alone, with one hun- 
dred and one passengers, the most distinguished of whom 
were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, 
William Bradford, and Edward Winslow.* After a bois- 
terous passage, they reached Cape Cod Bay ; ahd there, 
in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to and signed 
a solemn compact for their government, and unanimously 
elected Carver governor for one year. 

27. Several days were spent in searching for a favora- 
ble locality. At length, on the 21st of December, 1620, 



24. To what place did they firs^t go ? "Where next did they go ? How long 
did they live in Leyden ? Why did they leave? What did they desire? What 
did Ihey obtain ? 

25. In what vepsel did the Pilgrims sail from Leyden? What took place at 
Southampton ? At Dartmouth ? At Plymouth ? 

26. What finally took place ? Name five of the most distinguished of the 
MayHower's passengers. Wliat bay did they reach ? Where is that bay ? (Map, 
]). a4.) Wiiat compact was signed ? Where were the Pilgrims when they eigned 
It ? Who was the first governor of the colony ? 

* Bradford's His. of Plymouth makes the Mayflower's i)assengers number 102. 

2 



26 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1608. 

they landed at a place which they called Plymouth, in 
memory of the hospitalities which had been bestowed 
upon them at the last English port from which they had 
sailed. The Avinter was severe, and in less than five 
months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from the 
effects of exposure and privations, Carver and his wife be- 
ing among the number. Bradford was thereupon elected 
governor, and he continued, during thirty years, to be a 
prominent man in the colony. (See Topic 195, Ap., p. 76.) 

28. In 1621, a treaty of friendship was made with Massa- 
soit {mas-sa-soW), chief of the Wampanoags {%com-pa-n6' - 
«^5), that was sacredly observed for more than thirty years. 
Canonicus (ka-non -i-kus) ^ chief of the Narragansetts, kept 
the colonists in fear for awhile, but the decisive course of 
Bradford eventually compelled him to sue for peace. 

29. Meanwhile other influences were at work to extend 
the range of settlements. A company of persons inter- 
ested in the fisheries of New England, having purchased 
a tract of land, sent a hundred persons, under the charge 
of En'-di-cott. These settled at Salem, in 1628, thus lay- 
ing the foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The 
proprietors soon after obtained a charter from Charles I. 

30. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, 
and settlements at Charlestown and other places were 
begun. An important change, by which the government 
of the colony was transferred to New England, induced 
men of fortune and education to join the enterprise. 
About three hundred families, mostly Puritans, under the 
care of John Winthrop, arrived \\\ 1630, and settled at 
and near Boston. Winthrop had been appointed governor. 

27. When did the Pilerims land ? Is the anniversary of that da)' celebrated ? 
Aiu. Owinir to a mistake in convertinE^ the date from old to new style, the 2:M 
is celebrated instead of the 21st. Where did the Piltrrims land ? AVhy did they 
call the place Plymouth ? What is said of their suflerinsrs ? Of Bradford y 

28. Wliowas Massasnit? What treaty was made? What is said of Canonicus? 

29. On what enterprise was Endicott sent ? With what success ? 

30. Where is Charlestown ? (Map. p. 70.) What change in government took 
place ? What was the effect ? What took place in 1630 ? 



1629.] 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



27 



31. An act of the "General Court" at Boston, in 1636, 
by which about two thousand dollars were appropriated 
for the purpose of founding a public school or college, led 
to tlie establishment of what is now the oldest literary 
institution in America. Two years after, the Rev. John 
Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars 
to it, which, in honor of the benefactor, was named Har- 



vard College. 



Its location is at Cambrids^e. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

32. The Council of Plymouth, 
it will be remembered, obtained, 
in 1620, a grant of land including 
the whole of what is now known 
as New England. Two years 
after, all that portion of the ter- 
ritory lying between the Merri- 
mac and the Kennebec was ceded 
by the Council to SirFerdinando 
Gorges [gor'-jez) and John Ma- 
son. In 1623, the proprietors sent emigrants to America, 
who settled at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth ; and at 
Dover. 

33. After these settlements were made, the Rev. John 
Wheelwright purchased of the Indians the territory be- 
tween the Merrimac and the Pis-cat'-a-qua, being a part 
of the same that had been ceded to Gorges and Mason.* 




PORTSMOUTH AND VICINITY. 



31. Where is Cambridge? (Map, p. 70.) What celebrated institution of 
leaniinir is there ? Give the history of its estahlishmenl. 

32. Wlieii did the Conncil of Plvmonth obtain their grant? What took 
l)l.icc two years after? When was New Hampshire settled ? Where? 

33. By whom was New Hampsliire so called ? How did Ma^^on come by the 
territory? Upon what did Wheelwright base his claim ? Where is the Kennebec 
River? (M;.p, p. (51.) 



* A recent writer has c.tst some doubt upon the validity of the pur 
Wright, pronouncing his deed from the Indi.ans " a forgery." 



ise made by 



28 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1636. 

In the same year (1629) Mason obtained a grant, in his 
own name, of the conntry which Wheelwright had pur- 
chased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire. 
84. After the death of Mason, a vexatious controversy 
took place in consequence of the land claims which his 
lieirs made.* It was not terminated until the parties to 
whom the claims were finally conve^^ed (in 1'746) relin- 
quished the occupied portions of the province. New Hamp- 
shire was several times connected with Massachusetts, but 
in 1741 a final separation occurred. (See pp. 33, 34.) 



CONNECTICUT. 

35. In 1630, the Council of Plymouth ceded the "soil 
of Connecticut" to the Earl of Warwick ; and this grant, 
the following year, ^vas transferred to Lord Say-and-Seal, 
Lord Brooke, and others. As the Dutch, at the time, laid 
claim to the territory thus ceded, they built a fort on the 
Connecticut, wdiere Hartford now stands, to prevent the 
English from making any settlements in that section. 

36. The structure was hardly completed wdien Captain 
Holmes (homz) and a company from Plymouth, sailed up 
the river. Though menaced by the Dutch, the English 
passed the fort unhurt, and commenced the settlement of 
Connecticut, by erecting in that year, 1633, a trading- 
house at W^indsor (win'-zer). Important additions were 
made to this, called the Connecticut Colony, by two large 
emigrations from Massachusetts — the second conducted 
by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1636. 

34. What controversy took place? Iloweaded? Siibseqiiciit history of the 
New Ilampslure colony? 35. What grant was made iu 1()3J? In IfiSl ? Where 
did the J)iitch l)iiil(l a fort? Why did they build it tlierc ? 36. When was 
Cuiinecticiit setrlcd? At wluit place ? By whom ? Whar threat dul the Dutch 
make? What addiiious were made to the Connecticut colony ? 

* Jolm T. Miison. fiieiit-Krandsoa of John Mason, " the only heir of the original pat- 
entee, :ij,'ree(l (in 173S) to release his interest to the Assembly of New ll!iiui).shire," but in 
consequence of delay on the part of the Assembly to ratify the agreement, " he conveyed 
(Jan. 3J, 1746), by deed of sile, for tlie-suni of £l.,')rM, his whole interest to twelve persons. 
* * These transHciions raised a great ferment among tlie people. Angry and menacing 
words were plentifully thrown out against the purchasers: but they had prudently taken 
care to file in the Recorder's office a deed of quitclaim to all the towns which had been 
settled and granted within the limits of their purchase."— 7i(-Mj)'»p'.< Histonj of Npw Ilamp 
shhf. 



1635.1 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



29 




37. Toward the close of 1635, .John Winthrop, son of 
tlie Massachusetts governor, acting under a commission 
from the proprietors of Connecticut, built a fort at the 
mouth of the Connecticut. A colony was also established 
there, w^hich, in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord 
Brooke, Avas called Saybrook. 

38. About this time difficulties with the Indians com- 
menced. The Pequods {2^e'-kioodz)^ a Avarlike tribe inhab- 
iting the southeast part of Connecticut, having committed 

Map QuESTioxs.— Where is Windsor ? Saybroolv ? Hurlford ? AA'ethersfield? 
New Haven ? Providence ? (p. 24.) What city is on the island of Rhode Island ? 
Ans. Newport'/ In wliat direction is Newport from Providence ? What State 
is on the south of New Hampshire ? (p. 2i.) Wliat two on the south of Mas- 
sachusetts ? Describe the Connecticut River. 

37. When was the Saybrook colony established? AVhy so called ? Orii,nn ? 

38. AVho were the Pequods V What united action was taken by tlie settlers ? 
Why was the action taken ? Give the result. 



Hool-er's Emigration. — " Tliere were of the company about one hundred souls. They 
drove before them numerous herds of cattle; and thus they traversed on loot tlie pathless 
forests, advancing hardly ten miles a day through the tangled woods, across the swamps 
and numerous streams, and over the highlands that separated the several intervening val- 
leys; .subsisting, as they slowly wandered along, on the milk of the kine, whicli browsed on 
the Iresh leaves and early shoo'ts; having no guide through the nearly untrodden wilderness, 
but the compass, and no pillow for their nightly rest but heaps of stones."— iiuHTo//. 



30 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1637. 



many acts of hostility, Hartford, AVindsor, and Wethers- 
field, in 1637, united in declaring war against them. 
Captain Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly 
Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort 
and wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their num- 
ber, and completely broke them up as a tribe.* 

39. A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
1638, called the Xew Haven Colony. The land was 
bought of the Indians ; and, under the guidance of The- 
ophilus Eaton and the Rev. John Davenport, a colony, 
remarkable for the religious spirit that marked its laws, 
was planted and flourished. (Appendix, p. 65, topic 41.) 

40. In 1639, the people of Hartford, Windsor, and 
Wethersfield, finding their settlements beyond the limits 
of Massachusetts, met at Hartford, and united in forming 
a government for themselves. The colony of Saybrook 
maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its an- 
nexation in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only 
two colonies remained, Avhich were united, in 1665, under 
a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles II., of 
England. 

41. Sir Edmund Andros, who had been made royal gov- 
ernor of New England, in 1687 appeared before the Con- 
necticut Assembly, in session at Hartford, and demanded 
the surrender of the charter. A discussion at once arose, 
which was protracted till evening, when the charter Avas 
brought in and laid upon the table ; but just as Andros 
was stepping forward to take it, the lights were suddenly 
extinguished. "When the candles were relighted, the 
document could not be found. It had been carried away 
and hid in the hollow of a tree. (Appendix, p. 62, topic 6.) 

39. When was Xew Haven commenced? Its origin ? What further? 

40. What union took place in Wid ? In 104-1 ? In 1665 ? 

41. Whai appointment did Andros receive ? What demand ? How met ? 

* "The few that survived, about two hundretl, surrendering in despair, were enslaved by 
the English, or incorporated among the Moheijans and tlie Na-.ragansetts. There remained 
not a sannup, nor squaw, not a warrior nor cliild, of the Pequod name. A nation had 
disappeared from the family of man."— Banoo/r.v U. S. (Head Note 1, end of Section.) 



1636.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 



EHODE ISLAND. 

42. Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who 
had been banished from Massachusetts because of his de- 
nunciation of the religious intolerance j^ractised there, as 
well as for certain opinions touching civil matters. The 
settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on lands pur- 
chased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- 
memorate " God's merciful providence to him in his dis- 
tress." The great freedom in religious matters, and the 
democratic government of the colony, caused immigrants 
to flock thither in large numbers. 

43. In 1638, William Coddington, who had been sub- 
jected to religious persecution in Boston, accepted an 
invitation from Williams, purchased from the Indians the 
island of Rhode Island, and settled there. Rather than 
admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, Wil- 
liams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby 
the settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, 
under one government. 

44. After Charles IT. ascended the throne of England, 
Rhode Island, in 1663, obtained a new charter. When 
Andros assumed the government of New England, the 
management of affairs under the charter was, for the 
time, necessarily suspended ; but directly after he was 
seized and sent to England, as elsewhere stated, the char- 
ter became the fundamental law of the colony, and was 
llie only constitution of the State till 1843. (P. 141,^25.) 

42. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts ? Where did he 
make a settlement ? When ? Why did he call the place Providence ? 

43. Coddington '? Why did Williams go to England ? How did he succeed ? 

44. VVhen did Rhode Is. get a new charter ? Who granted it ? Its history ? 

NoTK.— "It was in January, 1636, the sternest month of a New England winter, wlien 
Roger Williams left his wife and hahes in Salem (Mass.), in order to escape the warrant 
that would have conducted liim to the ship then waiting to bear him to England. He went 
forth tin exiled man, to trust his life and fortune to the rough chances of the wilderness that 
then skirted the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Seldom has an exile for 
opinion's sake been driven from a Cliristian community to encounter more severe necessi- 
ties, or endure more cinshing privntions.''''— Sparks'." American Biaqraphy. 



32 COLONIAL HISTORY. [l643. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UXIOX OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1G43, 
TO "the FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 

45. The four colonies, Massachusetts, Plymoutli, Con- 
necticut, and New Haven, formed a union in 1643, for 
mutual protection against the encroachments of the Dutch 
and French, and for better security against tlie liostility 
of the Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty years. 
Rhode Island was refused admittance into it, because she 
would not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and 
lose her separate existence.* 

46. In 1056 a serious trouble commenced, growing out 
of the arrival in tliat year of a number of Quakers from 
England. They had been represented as a people of pe- 
culiar opinions and conduct, and consequently they were 
persecuted. Many were banished, four were executed, and 
others were whipped or cast into prison. The great sever- 
ity of the measures at last produced a reaction in public 
feeUng; and, after five years of trouble, the Quakers were 
alloAved to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. 

47. King Philip's War. — During the life of Massasoit, 
the treaty of friendship between him and the people of 
Plymouth was faithfully kept; but, after his death, Philip, 
commonly known as King Philip, his son and successor, 
made war upon the colonists. It became evident to the 
Indians that the spreading settlements were fast breaking 

45. What union in 1613 ? How lone: did it last ? Riiode Isl.ind? 

46. Wliat trouble commenced in Hiofi ? Give an account of it ? The end ? 

47. PhiUp ? Evident ? What did tliey see ? Wliat other cause of war ? 

* " The confederation was no less than an act of absohite sovereignty on the part of the con- 
tracting states. Tlie first two articles bound together the four cohmies and tlieir dependen- 
cies under the name of ' The United Colonies of I.'ew Nethertands,' in a ' firm and perpetual 
league of friendship and amity for offence and defence, mutiial advice and succor, upon all 
. just occasions, both for preserving and propagating the truth and liberties of the Gospel, 
and for their own mutual safety and welfare.' * * * Of this confederation which ' offers 
the first e.\aniple of coalition in colonial story, and showed to party leaders in after times, 
the advantage of concert,' it was nor without a|)pareiit reason tliat "an unfriendly historian 
(Chalmers) remarked, that 'its principles were altogether those of independency, and that it 
cannot easily be supported by any other.' " — Pul/reifs Hist, of xse.w England. 



1675.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 



up their hunting-grounds ; and they saw, too, in the grow- 
ino- power of the whites, tlieir own inevitable extinction. 
Besides, they were burning to avenge personal wrongs. 

48. Xothino- short of a union of the New England tribes 
for the extermination of the colonists, it was thought, 
could arrest the tide against them ; and Philip, so it was 
alleged, was the leading spirit in plotting the combina- 
tion. It 1^ related that a converted Indian, who had been 
sent as a missionary among his people, was the principal 
informer against Philip. This man was found murdered. 
The execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted 
of the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause 
of the war. 

49. The -first attack was made by Philip, in 1675, upon 
the people of Swan'-zey, as they were returning, one Sun- 
day, from church. Although a treaty of ])eace had been 
made with the Narragansetts, they joined in tlie war 
against the English. A strong force was sent against the 
Indians ; and, in an immense swamp in the southern part 
of Rhode Island, they were defeated with great loss. Yet 
they continued their depredations till the death of Philip, 
which occurred in 1676, he being shot by one of his own 
tribe. 

50. A controversy which had been going on for a num- 
ber of years, between the heirs of Gorges and Mason and 
the Massachusetts colony, concerning the ownership of 
Maine, was, in 1677, decided in favor of the heirs, and 
Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three years 
after, a separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts 

48. How, ouly, could the Iiuliuiis look for success? What charge was made 
against Philip ? NVhat was the immediaie cause of the war ? 

49. Where is Swauzey ? (Map, p. 24.) What took i)!aco there ? How did 
the Narrai^'ansetts act ? What defeats did the Indians meet ? Give the closing 
history of the war. 

50. What controversy was settled in 1677 ? How was it settled ? How did 
Massachusetts <?et to own Maine ? Which was the flrst royal ])rovince in New 

' England ? When was that brought about ? 

NoTK. — For an account of the eiirlv efforts to jirovido a currency for the pcoplu of Mas- 
sachusetts, read Note 2, The Piii<:-Tree Shilliii(j,^ at the cud of the Section. 

2* 



34 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1680. 



having been declared, the former became a royal prov- 
ince — the first in New Eno-land. 

51. The opposition whicli Massachusetts had shown to 
the " Navigation Act," and other obnoxious laws of Par- 
liament, displeased tlie king^ Charles II., and he declared 
lier charter void.* His death occurring not long after, his 
successor, James II., pursued the same arbitrary policy, 
and, in 1686, deprived Massachusetts? of her charter-gov- 
ernment. In the same year Andros was appointed royal 
governor of New England. (See p. 22, ^ 16.) 

52. These proceedings on the part of King James ren- 
dered him so impojjular, that, when the news of the Eng- 
lish Revolution and of his dethronement reached Boston, 
in 1689, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and his offi- 
cers, whose tyranny had made them odious to the people, 
were seized and sent to England, when the New England 
colonies established their former modes of government. 

53. KixG William's War. — James tied to France, and 
"William, Prince of Orange, and Mary, his wife, the eldest 
daughter of James, were called to the English throne as 
king and queen of that country. The cause of the fugi- 
tive king was espoused by the French monarch; and this, 
principally, led to a contest between the two powers, 
known as King AVilliam's AVar, in which the respectiA'e 
colonists became involved. 

54. An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, com- 
manded by Sir William Phipps, caj^tured Port Poyal, 
now .Vnnapolis, and secured a large amount of booty. A 
second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the 
conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These were the 

51. Why did Charles II. declare tlie Massachusetts charter void? What 
afterward took pldce? When was Andros appointed provernor ? 

oil. What news reached Boston in 1089 y What eflect did it have there? 
Why did it have that etlect ? What treatment was reserved for Andros ? 

53. Wliat was the cause of Kmsj William's War ? 

54. Give an account of Phipps's lirst expedition. Where is Annapolis ? 
(Map, p. 01.) Of his second expedition. How lonsr did the war last? What 
was the result as regards the ownership of territory ? 

=*= See note. p. Go. 



1692.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 

most important events of the contest in America. The 
war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick [riz'-wick), 
in 1697, a period of about eight years. The claims to ter- 
ritory in America remained as before the war. 

5^. Salem Witchcraft. — During the war, King Wil- 
liam, refusing to restore to Massachusetts the charter 
which James II. had taken away, granted a new one, 
which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova 
Scotia in a royal government. Upon Phipps was con- 
ferred the office of governor. 

56. One of the first acts of the new governor was the 
formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who, 
because of their real or supposed strange conduct, were 
accused of practising witchcraft. Most of the inhabitants 
of Salem and vicinity, where the accused parties lived, 
believed the accusations to be true; and, before the delu- 
sion was dispelled, twenty persons were put to death, 
more than fifty Avere tortured or frightened into con- 
fessing themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison- 
ment. (Read Note 4, end of Section.) 

57. Queen Anne's WaPw — Upon the death of James 
II., which occurred in France, the French monarch ac- 
knowledged his son king of England. This tended to 
produce a sj^irit of resentment in England, where the 
crown had previously been settled upon Anne [an)^ the 
second daughter of James. While the English were 
making preparations for Avar, King William died, and 
Anne became Queen of England. 

58. The interference of France in the succession to 
the English crown, in connection Avitli other causes, led 



55. What appointment was conferred upon Phipps ? 

56. What act of Phipps is mentioned? What belief prevailed at Salem? 
Where is Salem ? (See Map. p. %i.) Give an account of the '' Salem Witchcraft."' 

57. Where was James II. when he died ? What action did the French kin^ 
take ? What effect did his action have ? What followed ? 

58. What was tlie principal cause of Queen Anne's War? By what name is 
the war known in Europe ? Where is Nova Scotia ? (Map, p. (jl.) 



36 COLONIAL HISTORY. L1702. 



to a war between England on the one side, and France 
and Spam on the otlier, wliich is known in America as 
Queen Anne's War ; but in Europe, is called the War 
of the Spanish Succession. Hostilities were commenced 
in 1702. 

59. The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from 
Massachusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years 
before, was the most important event of the war in 
America. The name of the place was changed to An- 
napolis, in honor of the English queen, and Acadia was 
annexed to the British realm. The contest continued 
about eleven years, being terminated by the treaty of 
Utrecht (ii-'trekt)^ in 1713. 

60. KixG George's War. — A peace of nearly thirty 
years followed, which was broken, during the reign of 
George II., by King George^s War. This contest had 
its origin in European disputes, relating, principally, to 
the kingdom of Austria, and was therefore known in Eu- 
rope as tlie War of the Aiistrian Succession. 

61. War having been decla/ed between England and 
France in 1744, the colonists soon became involved. The 
most important event of the struggle in America was 
the takmg of Louisburg {loo'-is-burg)^ a fortress erected 
by the French, and which, from its strength, was called 
tlie Gibraltar of A^iierica. 

62. The capture of this place was effected in 1745, by 
a force, mostly of New England troops, under William 
Pepperill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Com- 



59. When did the French finally lose Port Royal? What change of name 
was made V What chanj^e in ownership of territory took place ? How lont^ 
did the war last? 

60. How did King George's War originate ? What other name did the war 
have y Why was it so called ? 

61. When was war declared? What is stated of Louish^rg? Where is 
Lonisburg? (See Map. p. 01.) 

62. When did the English capture it? Give an account of the canture. 
When did the war end ? How did it result as regards ownership of territory ? 
Who, then, owned Louisbnrg? 



1745.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 37 

modore Warren. The contest was terminated by the 
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle [cikes lali slia-peV), in 1748, by 
wliich all acquisitions of territory, made during the war, 
were inutually restored. (See p. 54, ^1.) 



NEW YOEK 



63. Henry Hudson, an English navigator, while sailing 
in the service of " The Dutch East India Company," in 
1609, discovered the river which now bears his name. 
His object was to find a northwest passage to the Pacific 
Ocean ; in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to 
the head of ship navigation, and, in a small boat, continued 
his exploration some miles further.* (A])., p. 08, top. '/2.) 

64. The Dutch, claiming that Hudson's discoveries 
gave them a title to the country, in 1614 built a fort on 
Man-hat'-tan Island. Their claim to territory included 
the whole region from Cape Cod to the southern shore 
of Delaware Bay. This became known as New Neth'-er- 
lands, though the name was more generally applied to 
only that part actually in possession of the Dutch. 

65. The colonization of the country did not commence 
until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new 
organization, known as " The Dutch West India Com- 
pany," two settlements were made — one on Manhattan 
Tsland, called New Amsterdam, and the other at Albany, 
called Fort Orange. The company, to encourage emi- 

63. Who \.as Henry Hudson ? What river did he discover ? What was he 
trying to do when he discovered the ri\er? How much of the river did he ex- 
plore? Who first discovered the Hudson river ? Ans. Verrazzani, in 1524. 

64. What claim to territory did the Dutch make? What was their title to 
the chaim ? What name did they szive to the territory claimed by them ? What 
States are now included in the territory so claimed ? [See Progressive Map, No. 
3.1 W^here did the Dutch build a fort in 1614 ? By what name is Manhattan 
Island now generally known ' Ans. New York feland. 

65. When did the Dutch begin to colonize New N etherlands ? Where were 

* On his return to Hollanrl, Hudson stopped at Dartmouth, England. — " When at length 
the East India directors heard of Hudson's arrival at Dartmouth, tliey instructed him to re- 
turn with his vessel to Holland as soon as possible. As he was about complying with their 
orders early in the following year (1810), he was arbitrarily forbidden to leave his country, 
by the English authorities, who were jealous of the advantages which the Dutch had 
gained by reason of Hudson's discoveries while in their service ; and the Half Moon (Hud- 
son's vessel) was detained for several months quietly at anchor in Dartmouth harbor."— 
lifoiJheiKVs Hist, of the. ^tnte of Neio York. 



38 



COLONIAL HISTOKY. 



[1623, 




gration, oiFcrcd a large tract of land and certain privi- 
leges to every individual who would form a settlement 
of fifty persons. 

66. The first Dirtch governor was Peter Min'-u-its ; the 
second, Wout'-er Van Twil'-ler ; the third, Sir William 
Kieft (/t'eeft) ; and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant 
{stl'-ve-sant). Kieft, who was haughty and unscrupulous, 
involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes on the 
Delaware, and the English on the Connecticut. lie also. 



(ettlements made that year ? What was Alhany then called ? What offers were 
made to induce persons' to settle in New Netherlands? 

66. Who was the lirst Bukh trovernor of New Netherlands? The second ? 
The third ? The fourth ? What can you say of Kieft'« character? Of his acts? 

Map Questions.— What country is on the north of N<'w York State? What 
States on the east ? What, on the south ? Describe the Hudson River. What 
is New Amsterdam now called? Ans. Now York. IIow is New York city 
situated ? Albany ? 



1664.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 39 

by his iiihiunan coiuluct, brought on jx disastrous war with 
the Indians. 

67. Tlio rule of Stuyvcsant Avas vigorous, though often 
arbitrary. lie conciliated the Indians, agreed to a west- 
ern boundary for Connecticut, and gained by conquest 
the Swedish territory in Delaware. But a new danger 
appeared. In 1GG4, Charles II., of England, disregard- 
ing the claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the 
Duke of York, the Avhole region from the Connecticut 
River to Delaware Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, 
was sent to take possession of the country. (P. 45, ^ 87.) 

68. When the fleet appeared before New Amsterdam, 
the people, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English 
rule, determined at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant 
held out until the town was actually in possession of the 
English. Nicolls was the first English governor. The 
province, as well as New Amsterdam, was called New 
York ; and Fort Orange received the name of Albany. 
In 1673, during a war between England and Holland, the 
Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a ])e- 
riod of fifteen months, returned them to the English. 
Andros was then appointed governor. (Ap., p. 62, top, 6.) 

69. In 1741 several incendiary fires occurred in the city 
of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. AYit- 
nesse;:. testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the 
city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a government of 
their own. An intense excitement followed ; and before 
it was allayed more than thirty persons, condemned as 
having been engaged in the alleged plot, were executed, 
and others were transported, A plot of some kind there 



67. \^^lat is i?aicl of Stnyvesant's rule? What did he accomplish? What 
grant was made in l(i(i4? Did Kinj; Charles do ri^ht ? Upon what did he base 
his claim to the territory? Ans. The discoveries and explorations of the Cabots. 

68. Give an account of the surrender of New Netherlands. Who was th« 
first Enirlish ofovernor ? What chan<,'es in names were made ? What is the sub- 
pcqiu'ut history of New Netherlands as a Dutch province? 

69. What occurred in 1741 ? State what followed. 



40 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1G22. 

may have been, tlioui!:li it is certain tlie accounts of it 
were greatly exaggerated, and many innocent persons 
suffered. (See Appendix, p. 63, topic 17.) 

NEW JEKSEY. 

70. The Dutch, who inchuled New Jersey in the prov- 
ince of New Netherhands, established a trading-post at 
Bergen as early as 1622, and built a fort on the Dela- 
ware; but the settlement of Elizabethtown, now Eliza- 
beth, in 1664, by emigrants from Long Island, is consid- 
ered as the beginning of colonization in Xew Jersey. 

71. In 1664, before the settlement of Elizabethtown, the 
Duke of York, to Avhom Charles II. had granted New 
Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
George Carteret. The liberal^offers at first made to emi- 
grants induced many to settle. After the Dutch, as else- 
where related, had, for the second time, relinquished New 
.Netherlands, the whole territory, was again granted to the 
Duke of York. 

72. The duke, in total disregard of the rights of Berke- 
ley and Carteret, appointed Andros governor oxqv the 
entire reunited province, but afterward agreed to restore 
New Jersey to the rightful proprietors. Notwithstand- 
ing this promise, he repeatedly interfered with the rights 
of Berkeley and Carteret. 

73. Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an 
English Quaker; and, in 1682, the whole territory be- 
came, by purchase, the property of William Penn and 
other Quakers.* In 1702, the proprietors surrendered 

70. What tradini: settlement did the Dutch make ? Where is Beriren ? (Map, 
p. 43.) Where, in New Jersey, did they build a fort ? When was Elizabeth 
settled? What is considered "as reirards that settlement ? Where is Elizabeth? 
i.Map. p. 43.'! Where is Lons Island? (Map. p. 20.) 

7 1 . To whom did Charles IT. cive New Jersey ? To whom did the Duke seU 
it? When did the duke iret a second erant of it"? 

72. Of what wrong was the duke guilty ? And afterward of what wrong ? 

* In 167G, New Jersey was divided into East and West Jersey, the former 
falling to Carteret ; hence the term, " the Jerseys." 



1624.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 41 



their powers of government to the Crown, when New Jer- 
sey became a royal province, united to New York. In 
1738, the connection was severed, and from that time New 
Jersey had a government of its own. 

MARYLAND. 

74. By the second charter granted to tlie London Com- 
pany, the limits of Virginia embraced all the territory 
which afterward formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, 
and North Carolina ; but, by the dissolution of the com- 
pany in 1624, the whole region became the property of 
the CroAvn. In 1631, William Clay '-borne obtained a 
license from Charles I. to traffic Avith the Indians; and, 
under this authority, a trading-post was established on an 
island in Chesapeake Bay, and another at the mouth of 
the Susquehanna, 

75. Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for 
Catholics, then persecuted in England, Sir George CaV- 
vert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, Avhose title was Lord 
Baltimore, applied for a charter to establish a colony in 
America. The king, Charles I. , readily agreed to make 
the grant, but before the document received the royal 
seal, Calvert died. It was then issued to Ce'-cil Calvert, 
son of Sir George, wlio, by the death of his flither, in- 
lierited the title of Lord Baltimore.* 



73. To whom did Berkeley sell his interest in New eTersey? How was New 
Jer!*cy afterward divided? j».«. Into East Jeri^ey and West Jersey, Carteret 
owninof the foniier. -Give the subsequent colonial history of New Jersey. 

Map Questions.— (p. 53.) What States are on the South of New York ? On 
the south of Pennsylvania? What river separates Maryland from Viri^inia? 
What larire bay divides Maryland ? What large river flows into it from the 
north ? Where was St. Mary's situated ? 

•740 What license ? Where did Claybornc establish trading-posts ? 

t5. Wlio was George Calvert ? What great desire did he have ? For what 
did he apply ? With what success ? To whom was the grant then made ? 

« " It was intended, it is said, that the country granted by this cliarter should have been 
called Crescentia ; but when it was presented to tlic king fCharles II., of England) for his 
signature, in conformity to his majesty's wishes the name of the province was changed to that 
<it' Maryland, in honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria, a daughter of the great king Henry 
IV., of France." — Bozman^s Hint, of Maryland. 



42 COLOXIAL HISTORY. [1634 

76. This charter was the most liberal one, in evei 
respect, that had thus far been granted by the English 
Crown. " Christianity, as professed by the Church of 
England, was protected ; but beyond this, silence left 
room for equality in religious rights, not less than in civil 
freedom." The province was called Maryland, in honor 
of Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles. 

77. The first body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore 
consisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman 
Catholics. They arrived in 1634, and at once commenced 
a settlement, which they anticipated would become a 
great city, calling it St. Mary's. Leonard Calvert, brother 
of the proprietor, was the first governor. 

78. Clayborne, who had refused to submit to the au- 
thority of the governor, in 1645 incited a rebellion, which 
compelled Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. 
After the governor resumed his ofiice, the Assembly 
enacted a law knoA\Ti as the " Toleration Act," which 
secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all per- 
sons professing belief in Jesus Christ. Thus did the right 
not denied by the charter receive the sanction of law. 

79. During the supremacy of Cromwell in England, 
Parliament appointed commissioners to administer the 
orovernment of the colonv. The Protestants oainlng a 
majority in the Assembly, the Catholics were deprived of 
their rights as citizens, and an act Avas passed declaring 
them not entitled to the protection of the laws. A civil 
war between the Catholics and the Protestants followed. 
After Cromwell's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore 
were restored to nim. 

80. Upon the death of Cecil Calvert, his son Charles 

76. What was the character of the charter? What name was given to the 
province ? Whv was it so named ? 

77. Did Lord Baltimore ^o to America? Whom did he send? When and 
where did thev make a settlement ? 

78. '^ive an account of ■• Olayhorne's Rebellion." Of the "■ Toleration Act. 

79. Give au account of the civil war. Of after events. 



n 



1715.] 



COLON^IAL HISTORY. 



43 



became the proprietor of the province, of whioli ( e retained 
])ossession until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. 
In 1715 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant 
heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained 
a proprietary government from that time till the Revo- 
lution. (See Appendix, p. 71, topic 111.) 



PENNBYLYANIA, 




81. Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil 
and religious liberty might be enjoj^ed, and where the 

80. Of what injustice was Kins; William guilty? What, of Maryland ? 
Map Questions.— What river separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania? 
How is PMladelphia situated ? Tre nton ? Tinicnm Island ? 

Note.—" There was a large sum of money due from the (English) govern- 
ment to the Admiral (Wm. Penn's father) at the time of his death. * * "L. ^^ 
consequence of his death, Wm. Penn, in the summer of 1680, petitioned Km^ 
Charles the Second, that letters patent mi^ht be granted hun for a tract ot lana 
in America, lying north of Maryland ; on the east, bounded by Delaware River ; 
on the west limited by Maryland; and northward to extend as far as piantable. 
—Proud' s Hist, of Penn. 



44 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



[1682. 



people might dwell together in peace, William Peiiii ob- 
tained from Charles II. a tract of land west of the Dela- 
ware. The domain thus granted was called Pennsylvania. 
From the Diike of York, Penn also obtained a grant of 
Delaware, then called " The Territories," or " The Three 
Lower Counties on the Delaware." 

82. Though small settlements of Swedes had been pre- 
viously made within the limits of both Pennsylvania and 
Delaware, the permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates 
from the founding of Philadelphia in 1G82, by Penn. Af- 
ter several conferences with the Indians, he met them 
beneath a wdde-spreading elm, at a place now called Ken- 
sington, a portion of Philadelphia, where he made his 
famous '• treaty of peace and friendship" with the " red 
men." This treaty was ''never sworn to and never 
broken." * (Read,, also, Note 3, end of Section.) 

83. To the Sw^edes on the Delaware, Penn gave assur- 
ance that they should not be molested in their religion or 
laws. The wisdom of his course toward the Swedes and 
Indians, as well as of his government in general, w^as soon 
apparent ; for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful 
growth than any other in America. 

84. Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in Eng- 
land in 1718, he left his American possessions to his sons. 
They administered the government, most of the time by 
deputies, until the Revolution, wdien their claims were 
purchased by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

8 1 . What desire had Penu ? What did he obtain ? From tlie Duke of York ? 

82. When was Philadelphia founded? Bv whom liad Pemisylvauia been 
previously settled? By whom Delaware? What bargain did Penn make with 
the Indians '> Where did Penn make his famous treaty ? What is said of it ? 

S3. What assurance ? Growth of the colony ? To what attributed ? 
84. Where and when did Penn die ? Further history of Pennsylvania. 

»"The trreat elm-tree, under which this treaty was made, becnme celehrated on that 
account and when the British were quartered near it during the war of American Inde- 
pendence, their general so respected it, that, when his soldiers were cuttms down every 
tree for firewood, he placed a sentinel under it that not a branch of it mi-ht be touched. A 
few years A-o it was blown down, whem it was split into wood, and many cups, bowls, and 
other articles were made of it. to be kept as memorials." ".The tree (in l\'*-),^y»^„ ''"f ''»"■ 
died and liftv vears old. Under its spreading branches friendly nafors had been wnt to 
meet to arrange difference, and smoke the calumet of peace long before the pale faces had 
lauded ou these shores."— jDixo/i's Li/e o/ Penn. 



IG38.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 45 



DELAWAEE. 

85. The settlement of Delaware may be said to have 
had its origin in the desire of Gus-ta'-vus Adolphus, the 
renowned king of Sweden, to found a free colony in the 
New World for all persecuted Christians. His death 
occurring before the project was undertaken, a delay of 
several years followed ; but finally a charter was granted 
by the government of that country to the Swedish AYest 
India Company. 

86. In 1638 a body of emigrants, sent out by the com- 
pany under the care of Minuits, a former governor of 
New Netherlands, arrived at Cape Hen-lo'-pen. Having 
purchased of the Indians all the lands from the cape to 
the falls in the Delaware at Trenton, they commenced a 
settlement on Chris-ti-an'-a Creek, near the present site 
of AYilmington. To the country thus purchased was 
given the name of New Sweden. 

87. Other settlements were formed, but the one on 
Tin'-i-cum Island, a few miles below Philadelphia, was 
made the capital. The Dutch, regarding these settle- 
ments as intrusions upon their territory of New Nether- 
lands^ Governor Stuyvesant j^roceeded against the Swedes, 
in 1655, and subjected them to the authority of Holland, 
which government retained possession of the country till 
1664. (See page 39, ^ 67.) 

85. What was the origin of the settlement of Delaware ? What further can 
you state of the project ? 

86. What territorj' was called New Sweden? By whom was it so called? 
Where did the Swedes first settle ? Where is Wilmington ? (Map, p. 53.) What 
two capes are at the entrance of Delaware Bay? 

8*. What is stated of Tinicum and other settlements ? Give an account of 
the subjugation of New S weden. 

Note -" In the vear 1623, a immber of emigrants from Holland under the guidance of 
Cornelius Mav, arrived in the Delaware (hence. Cape May), * * * landed his lorces, and 
built Ft Nass^iu So far as our iniormation extends. May was the first European who sailed 
up the Delaware, and the first adventurer who made a settlement on its shores. * * * m 
tin years after, De Vri3s found the establishment in the possession of the Indians."- 
Ferriss Hist.of theOririinalSettJf'.mentsoiithii Dehurar,: ,■ n r«,i^„ 

Ft. Nassau was on Big Timber Creek, New Jersey, about fi-e miles south of ( amdeii. 



46 



COLONL\L HISTORY. 



[16S2. ■ 



88. During the i^eriod from 1G64 to 1682, Delaware, 
being claimed by the Duke of York, formed a part of the 
province of Xew York. By the grant to Penn, in IOS'2, 
it Avas united to Pennsylvania; and, although the settlers 
in " The Territories" became dissatished Avitli Penn's gov- 
ernment, and were granted an Assembly of tlieir own, 
Pennsylvania and Delaware continued under one i^overnor 
until the Revolution. (See Appendix, p. GO, topic 4S.) 



XOETH AND SOUTH CAKOLIXA 




SavaimalL 
Sunhu 



IIASTEKS-FABT 

Ot tlLC 

CAROLINAS 

10 30 CO 



88. What is said in connection with the cliim of the Duke of York ? Whai 
further account can you irive of Delaware ? (See p. 39.) 

Map Qukstions.— What State is on the south of Nirsrinia ? On tlic south of 
North Carolina? On the west of South Carolina? What body of water on the 
east of the two Carolinas ? Describe the Chowan River. Where is Edenton* 
Wilmington ? Charleston ? The Savannah River ? 



1650.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 47 

89. The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, as 
before described, were made by parties sent by Raleigh 
in 1585 and 1587. More than sixty years later, probably 
in 1650, emigrants from Virginia made a settlement upon 
the Cho-wan' River, near the present village of E'-den-ton. 

90. In 1663 a vast territory, south of Virginia, was 
granted by Charles II. to Lord Clar'-en-don and seven 
other noblemen of England ; and, in the same year, a 
government was instituted over the settlement on the 
Chowan, which was called " The Albemarle County 
Colony." Two years later a second colony was planted 
in North Carolina. A company from Barbadoes (bar-ba- 
doz) selected a i)lace near Wilmington, and there estab- 
lished " The Clarendon County Colony." 

91. It having been discovered that the settlement on 
the Chowan was outside of the limits of the domain 
granted to Clarendon and associates, a new grant was 
made to the same parties, by which the boundaries were 
extended so as to embrace the country from Virginia to 
about the middle of Florida. 

92. In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret County 
Colony," was j^lanted on the western bank of the Ashley 
River. This, in consequence of not being well located 
ibr commercial facilities, was removed, ten years after, to 
the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus 
the foundation of Charleston was laid. In 1729, Carolina 
was sold to the king of England, and separated into North 
and South Carolina. From that time till the Revolution 
they were royal provinces. (App. p. 72, topics 125, 126.) 

89. Which were the earliest attempts made to settle North Carolina ? What 
settlement was made in lfi.50? 

90. Give the early history of "The Albemarle County Colony." Of "The* 
Clarendon County Colony." What grant was made in 1603? 

91. What discovery was made 'i What then was done ? 

92. When was " Old Charleston" settled ? Why was a removal made ? When 
was Charleston settled ? How is Charleston situated ? (Map, p. 73.) Describe 
the Cooper River. The Ashley River. What occurred in 1729 ? 



48 COLONIAL HISTOEY. [1732. 



GEOKGIA. 

93. Thougli Spain olainied tlie territory of Georgia as a 
part of Florida, the English king, George II., disregarded 
the elaini; and, in 1732, granted to a corporation, consist- 
ing of James Oglethorpe {d'-(/l-t/iorp) and twenty other 
trustees, for twenty-one years, all the country between 
the Savannah and the Altamaha [al-ta-nia-haic). In 
honor of the king it was called Georgia. The object of 
the trustees was to provide an asylum for their destitute 
countrymen, the grant being " in trust for the poor." 

94. The first settlement was made in 1733, at Savannah. 
The colony made rapid increase in numbers ; but, owing 
to the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to 
the impolitic regulations of the trustees, the bright antici- 
pations of plenty and comfort which had been entertained 
w^ere not, for a time, realized. 

95. In consequence of the claim to territory set up by 
Spain, hostilities took place between tin? English settlers 
and their Spanish neighbors. Owing, however, to the 
bravery and skill of Oglethorpe, the result was to the ad- 
vantage of the English. Tiie trustees governed till 1752, 
when, Avearied with their troublesome charge, they sur- 
rendered their charter to the Crown, and Georgia became 
a royal province. (See Appendix, p. 07, topic 01.) 

93. What crant was made in n32?^''hat distinguished person was b^.m in 
that year? Ans. George Washini^ton. Describe the Altamaha Kiver. (.Map j). 
174. » The Savannah. Wliy was Georgia so called y Object of OgletUorpe t 

94. When was Georgia s^-ttled y Where ? Progress of the colony y 

95. What hostilities occurred ? How did they end ? How long did the trus- 
tees govern ? What then did they do ? What followed ? 

Map Questions.— (Map, p. 46.) How is Edenton situated? Charleston? 
Savannah? Wilmington? Name eight rivers of North Carolina. What river 
is between South Carolina and Georgia ? 

Note.— " John Wesley, the celebrnted founder of the sect of Methodists." joinc-d the 
colony in 17.36, but " resided in America less than two vears." " GeorLre Whitefield the 
celebrated preacher and founder of the C'alvanistic Methodists," also joined the colonv. and, 
says Bancroft, " founded and sustained iiu orphan home at Savannah, by contributions 
which his eloriuence extorted. He became more nearly identified with America (th.in Wes- 
ley), visited all the provinces irom Florida to the northern frontier, and made his trruve in 
New Euirland." " His eloqupnce was wonderful, his voice powerful, rich, and sweet, and 
Dr. Franlxhn estimated that ;{(i.iKU persons mi^Mii hear him distinctly when preachinjc in the 
open i\.\x."—l)nikt:'s Am. Bioiimpliy. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1G07. Virginia was settled at Jamestown. 

IGOO. The Hudson River was discovered by Henry Hudson. 

1010. The " Starving Time" prevailed in Virginia. 

1013. The marriage of Pocahontas occurred. 

1014. Smith explored the coast of New England. 
New York was settled by the Dutch. 

1G19. Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia.* 

1620. The Council of Plymouth received a grant. 
Massachusetts was settled l)y the Pilgilms at Plymouth. 

1621. A treaty was made with Massasoit. 

1G22. The tirst Indian massacre in Virginia occurred. 

1623. New Hampshire was settled at Little Ilai'bor and Dover. 

The Dutch began to colonize New York. 

1628. A settlement was made at Salem by Endicott. 

1630. A settlement was made at Boston by Winthrop. 

1633. Connecticut was settled at Windsor by Holmes. 

1634. Maryland was settled at St. Mary's. 

1635. The Saybrook Colony, Connecticut, was established. 

1636. Rhode Island was settled at Providence by AVilliams.. 

1637. The Pequod Wfiv, in Connecticut, occurred. 

1638. Delaware was settled near Christiana Creek by the Swedes. 
The New Haven Colony was established. 

1639. Settlements on the Connecticut united as the Conn. Colony. 

1643. A union of New England colonies was formed. 

1644. The Connecticut and Saybrook colonies were united. 
The Second Indian Massacre in Virginia occuned. 

The two settlements of Rhode Island united, forming R. I. 

1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in M-ryland occurred. 

1650. North Carolina was settled on the Chowan River. 

1651. The Navi.^ation Act was passed by Parliament. 

1655. A civil wal" in Maryland occurred. 

New Sweden was concjuered by Stuyvesant. 

1656. The Quakers, in Massachusetts, were persecuted. 
1663. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and other:'. 

The Albemarle County Colony was established. 
1661 New Netherlands was taken by the English and named N. Y, 

^'' Many authors ^We 1023 as tho date of tlio introduction of slavory into Vir- 
','iiila. but this, it has been shown, is incorrert. 



50 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

1664. New Jei-sey was settled at Elizabethtowu (now Elizalietli). 
16135. The Clarendon County Colony was established. 

The Connecticut and New Haven colonies were united. 
1670. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley River. 
1673. Virguiia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 

1675. King Philip's war began by an attack at Swanzev. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion broke out in Virginia. 

1680. The settlement at Charleston, South Carolina, was begun. 

New Hampshire became a separate royal province (tirst time). 
1682. Pennsylvania was settled at Philadelphia by "William Penn. 

The Duke of York granted Delaware to William Penn. 

1686. Andros was appointed royal governor of New England. 

1687. The Connecticut Charter was hid in the " Charter Oak." 

1689. Andros was seized and sent to England. 
King William's AVar began. 

1690. Port Royal was captured by the English under Phipps. 
1692. The Salem Witchcraft delusion prevailed. 

1697. The treaty of Ryswick ended King William's War. 
1702. Queen Anne's AVar began. 

1710. Port Royal was cajitured (a sec(^nd time) bv the English. 
1713. The treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's AVar. 
1729. Carolina was separated into North and South Carolina. 

1732. AA^ashington was born in Virginia, February 22d. 

1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah. 

1741. New Hampshire became a separate royal province (last time). 

1744. King George's AA^ar began. 

1745. Louisburg was taken by the English. 

1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George's War. 
1752. Georgia became a royal province. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 

PAGB 

1. Give the historj- of Virginia under the first charter IS. 19 

2. Give the history under the second charter 1^- ~0 

3. State what you can of Pocahontas 10, 21 

4. Give the history of Virginia under the third charter 21 . 22 

5. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion 22. 23 

6. State all you can in relation to Captain John Smith • • IS- 23 

7. All. in relation to the Council of Plymouth 24, 27. 2S. 29 

8. In relation to the pilgrims before they came to America 24. 25 

9. Give an account of their movements from Holland to America 25 

10. When and where did they make their settlement ? 25, 26 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 



PAGE 

11. Give their early history at Plymouth 26 

12. What can you state of the treaty made with Massasoit ? 20, 32 

13. Give the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 20 

14. Give the history of the founding? of Harvard College 27 

15. Whence did Massachusetts derive its name ? Atis. From the name of 

a trihe of Indians. 

16. Give an account of the settlement of New Hampshire 27 

17. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Hampshire 28, 33, 134 

IS. How did New Hampshire get its name ? Ans. It was so called by John 

Mason, who lived in Hampshire county,England. 

19. Give an account of the first settlement of Connecticut 28 

20. Give the history of the Saybrook Colony 29, 30 

21. Give an account of the Pequod War 29, 30 

22. Give the history of the New Haven Colony 30 

23. State how Andros was foiled in his attempt to get the Conn. Cliarter. . 30 

24. Whence did Connecticut get its name? Ans. From the name of its 

principal river, which the Indians called the Connecticut. The word 
signifies the long river. 

25. Give an account of Williams's settlement of Rhode Island 31 

26. Give an account of Coddington's settlement of Rhode Island 31 

27. Give the subsequent colonial history of Rhode Island 31 

28. How did Rhode Island get its name? Ans. It (the island) was "so 

called from a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes."' Another 
authority says: that in consequence of the reddish appearance of 
the island, it " was soon known by the Dutch as Roode. or Red 
Island. From this is derived the name of the island and state." 

29. Give an account of the Union of New England colonies 32 

30. Give an account of the persecution of the Quakers 32 

31. Give an account of King Philip's War 32, 33 

32. Give an account of King William's War 34, 35 

33. Give an account of Queen Anne's War. 35, 36 

34. Give an account of King George's War 36, 37 

35. Give an account of the settlement of New York 37, 38 

36. What can you state of Kieft and his administration 38, 39 

37. What can you state of Stuyvesant and his administration 39, 45 

38. Give the subsequent colonial history of New York 39, 40 

39. Why was New York so called ? Ans. In compliment to the Duke of 

York, to whom it had been granted. 

40. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey 40 

41. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Jersey 40, 41 

42. Why was New Jersey so called ? Ans. In honor of Sir George Carteret, 

who had been governor of the island of Jersey. 

43. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland 41, 42 

44. Give the history of Clayborne's Rebellion 41, 42 

45. What is said of the charter granted to Maryland ? 42 

46. What is said of the Maryland Toleration Act ? ,. 42 

47. What were the causes of the civil war in Maryland ? 42 

48. Give the subsequent colonial history of Maryland 42, 43 

49. Why was Maryland so called ? 42 

5G. Give an account of the first settling of Pennsylvania 43, 44 



52 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

51. What induced William Penn to form a colony ? 43, 44 

52. What two tracts of land did Penn get ? 44 

53. Give the history of their conversion to him 44 

54. What were the important events of lGS-2 ? 44, 50 

5."). State what you can of Peun's treaty with the Indians 44 

50. Of his treatment of the Swedes, and of his government 44 

57. Give the subsequent colonial history of Pennsylvania 44 

58. How did Pennsylvania get its name? A/is. The word sylva means a 

wood or forest. William Penn, thinking that sylrania would be an 
appropriate name for a land covered with forest, suggested it for his 
territory. The prefix Penn was put to the word, in honor, as the 
king said, of-Pcnu's father. 

59. When and by whom was Delaware settled ? 45 

60. What had Adolphus done in relation to the settlement '? 45 

01. Name two important events of 1C3S 49 

62. What was accomplished in New Sweden that year ? 45 

63. Give an account of Stuyvesau^'s expedition against the Swedes 45 

W. Give the subsequent colonial history of Delaware 46 

65. Name, in order, ten important events from 1607 to 1621 49 

66. Name, in order, ten important events from 1622 to 1637 49 

67. Name, in order, ten important events from 1638 to 1651 49 

68. Give an account of the attempts to settle Roanoke Island 14, 15, 16 

69. Give the history of the Albcrmarle County Colony 47 

70. Give the history of the Clarendon County Colony 47 

71. Give the history of the Carteret County Colony 47 

72. State how North and South Carolina derived their names 13, 47 

73. Give the closing colonial history of the two Carolinas 47 

74. Name, in order, ten important events from 1655 to 1670 49, 50 

75. Name, in order, ten important events from 1673 to 1689 50 

76. Why was Georgia so called ? 48 

77. Give the history of the settlement of Georgia 48 

78. Give an account of the subsequent colonial progress of Georgia 48 

79. Name, in order, ten important events from 1682 to 1702 50 

SO. Name, in order, ten important events from 1710 to 1752 50 

81. How many colonies have you learned the history of? 18-48 

82. Give their names in the order of their settlement 49, 50 

&3. Give their names in their geographical order, beginning with New 

Hampshire (Progressive Map, No. 2). 

84. Which of them were settled by the English ? 18-48 

a5. Which were settled by other nations than the English ? 18-48 

8(). Which ofl'ered asylums for persecuted Christians ? 18-18 

87. Which were settled because of religious persecutions ? 18-18 

88. Give the date and place of settlement of each. (Table, end of history.) 

89. Give the name of the most prominent man in the settlement of each.. 18-48 

90. State what Indian troubles occurred in each lS-39 

91. Name the colonk?s of which Andros was governor 18-46 

92. Name nine events belonging to the history of Virginia 49, 50 

93. Name ten belonging to the history of Massachusetts 49, 50 

94. Name five events belonging to the history of New Hampshire 49, 50 

95. Name four events belonging to the history of New York 49 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAK. 



53 




54 THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [174», 

SECTION III. 

The French and. Indian War. 

1. Although the boundaries between the British and 
French possessions in America had been, for more than a 
quarter of a century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, made in 1748, left tliem still undefined. 

2. The English, basing their title upon the discoveries 
made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from 
Newfoundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific. The French claimed all the interior portion 
adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and 
their tributaries, upon the ground that they had explored 
and occupied it ; and, the better to secure this claim, they 
erected forts at various places through the region. 

3. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war 
broke out between England and her colonies, with a few 
Indians, on the one side, and France and her colonies, 
largely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known 
as " The French and Indian War." It was a contest for 
territory and dominion in America.* 

4. Events of 1753. — At the time of the breaking out 
of the war, there was in existence an organization, known 

Map Questions.— (Map. p. 53.) What river is the outlet of Lake Ontario? 
What, the outlet oi" Lake Erie ? What are the head branches of the Ohio ? De- 
scribe the Alleghany. The Monongahcla. The Mohawk. Where is Williams- 
buro-? Crown Point? Albany? Fort Edward? Montreal? Tioonderoi^a ? 
Lake Geor<,^e ? Lake Champlain ? Kittanning ? Where \vas Fort Venanjjo ? 
Fort Le Bcciif ? Fort Duquesne ? Fort Necessity ? Fort Niagara ? Fort Wm. 
Henrv ? Fort Frontenac ? 

1 " When, treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle? What dispute still continned? 

2 What territory did tlie EnuUsh claim? By what right? The French 
. claim ' What was the l)asis ? Ann. That which exploration and occupancy gave, 

3. To what did the contlictiug claims lead ? The object of the contest ? 

* " The settlements of the French, stretching from north to south, necessarily interfered 
■with those from the English, extenilinj; from east to west. Their plan, if executed, would 
completely have environed tlie English. Canada and Louisiana nmled would, as 1ms heeii 
aptlv said, have formed a how, of which the English colonies would liuve constituted the 
striii" * * * The delightful region between the summit of the .Vlleghany Momit.-iins and 
the Mississippi was the object for which these two powerful nations contended ; and 't ""w 
became appaieut that the sword aloue could decide the contest. "—ifarfi/wtiU Ziye o/ »aWi- 
iiiijton. 



1753.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 55 

.IS the Ohio Company, which had obtained from tlie king 
of Enirland a 2;rant of hmd on and near the Ohio River, 
for the purpose of carrying on the fur-trade with the In- 
dians, and of settling the country. 

5. The French having seized three British traders, and 
also built forts on the Land of the Ohio Company, Gov- 
ernor Din-wid'-die, of the Virginia colony, determined to 
send a letter to their commander, remonstrating against 
the aggressive acts. This message was intrusted to 
George Washington, a young man not then twenty-two 
years of age. 

6. Washington set out on his mission on the last day 
of Oct., 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Vir- 
ginia. He had before him a difficult and dangerous jour- 
ney of four hundred miles, more than half of which was 
through a wilderness inhabited by hostile Indians. Hav- 
ing reached Fort Ve-nan'-go, he was conducted thence 
to Fort Le B(Euf {huf)^ where he found the French com- 
mander, St. Pierre [pe-dre). 

7. Events of 1754. — After an absence of eleven weeks, 
during which he encountered severe hardships amid snow, 
icy floods, and hostile Indians, Washington delivered to 
Dinwiddie St. Pierre's letter in reply. In it St. Pierre 
stated that he Avas acting under orders from Du Quesne 
{iloo-kane')^ governor of Canada, and that he could not 
leave the territory. This document and the report made 
by Washington of warlike preparation which he had seen 
during his journey, convinced the English that, if they 
would secure possession of the region on and near the 
Ohio, they must act without delay. (Note 1, end of Sec.) 

4. What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company ? 

5. What messaiJje was sent to the French? What part was assip^nccl to 
Washington? When and where was Washington born? Arix. In Virginia, on 
the 22(1 of February. 1732. 

6. Give an account of Washintrton's journey to Le Bceuf. 

7. Of his journey back to Williamsburg. What reply did he bring? Oi 
what were the English convinced ? What produced that conviction ? 



56 



THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAK. 



[1754. 



8. At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
rivers, the Ohio Company commenced the construction 
of a fort ; and a body of troops, of which Washington 
became the commander, was sent to protect the works. 
Before, however, he had time to reach the place, a party 
of French and Indians suddenly appeared and took pos- 
session. The works were then completed, and called Fort 
Duquesne. 

9. Receiving intelligence of the disaster, and that a 
strong force was marching to intercept him, Washington 
fell back, and took a ^^osition at a place called the Great 
Meadows. Here word came to him that a small detach- 
ment of the French had advanced to within a few miles of 
his position, Avhere they were skulking, evidently with 
hostile intent. With the determination of forestalling 
their design, he sallied forth, came upon them by surprise, 
and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May, 1754, killed 
or captured all but one. 

10. In little more than a month after, a force of fif- 
teen hundred French and Indians, commanded by De 
Villiers (vil-le-dre'), made an attack upon a small fort 
Avhich Washington had constructed and named P^ort 
Necessity.* A brave defence of ten hours was made, but, 
on the morning of the 4th of July, Washington was com- 
pelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and 
the garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. 

11. Events of 1V55. — Four expeditions, on the part of 
the English, were planned for 1755 ; namely, against 
Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Fort Niagara, and Fort Du> 
quesne. The one against Nova Scotia was commanded 
by Col. Monckton {ononJc'-tnn). Two forts there were 

8. What measures were then taken against the French? What followed? 
VMiat name was given to the fort ? 

9. Wiiat course did Washington then pursue? Give an account of the con- 
test that took place. Where were the Great Meadows ? (Map, p. 53.) 

1 0. Give an account of the battle of Fort Necessity. 

1 1 . What expeditions were planned for 1755 ? Give an account of the first. 



* " The palisaded fort was named Fort Necessity, rroiii the pinching famine that had 
prevailed during its consiriiction."— //•( i;/(/. 



175 5. J THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 57 

captured in June ; a beautiful and fertile country was 
reduced to a solitude ; and the inhabitants by thousands 
were driven on board the English ships, and scattered 
among the colonists of New England and other places.* 

12. Gen. Brad'-dock, who had been sent to America as 
commander-in-chief of the royal forces, headed the expe- 
dition against Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions 
of Washington, who was acting as his aid-de-camp, he fell 
into an ambusli of French and Indians, July the 9th, 
when within a few miles of the fort, and was defeated with 
great loss, he himself being mortally wounded. This con- 
flict is known as the battle of the Mo-non-ga-he'-la. f 

13. The expedition against Niagara was also a failure. 
Gov. Shir'-ley, who commanded it, advanced as far as 
Oswego ; but the defeat of Braddock paralyzed his ef- 
forts, his Indian allies deserted, and finally the enterprise 
was abandoned. Leaving garrisons for two ncAV forts 
which had been commenced, Shirley returned to Albany. 

14. To Gen. Johnson had been confided the expedition 
against Crown Point. He Avas preceded by Gen, Ly'-man, 
who, at the " carrying place" between the Hudson and 
Lake George, constructed Fort Edward. Johnson ad- 
vanced as far as the head of the lake, and, while encamped 
there, his Indian scouts brought word that two thousand 
French and Indians Avere marching to attack Fort Ed- 
Avard. Dieskau {de-es-ko)^ commanding this force, had 
made his Avay from Montreal. 

1,5. Losing no time, Johnson sent Col. Williams, Avith 
twelve hundred men, tAA^o hundred of whom Av^ere Indians, 
to intercept the enemy. But Dieskau changed his plan. 
As he approached the fort, Sept. 8th, his Indian allies, 

12. Of the expedition ajrainst Duquesne. What battle was fought ? 

13. Give an account of the expedition at^ainst Niagara. 

14. How was the expedition against Crown Point undertaken? Where did 
Johnson encamp ? What word did he receive ? 

1 5. NA^hat detachment did he send ? Dieskau's plan ? What followed ? 

* Loiiglellow's poem of "Evangeline" is based on an incident in this act of tyranny. 
Read Note" 2, end ot Section. 

+ Read Note 3, end of section. 



68 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1756. 



fearful of its cannon, refused to proceed. Then, taking 
another direction, to surprise the army at the Lake, he 
drew the forces of Williams into an ambush, and routed 
them with fearful slaughter, i)ursuing the fugitives to 
Johnson's camp. 

16. From beliind a breastwork of trees, Johnson fired 
upon his assailants ; but he receiving a wound early in tlie 
action, the defence was continued by Lyman, and finally 
turned into an attack. The French and their allies were 
defeated ; and Dieskau, incurably wounded, was made a 
prisoner. Johnson, after erecting Fort William Henry, 
retired to Albany. (See, for Dieskau, App., p. 66, top. 46.)* 

17. Events of 1756. — The Marquis de Montcalm 
{vnont-ham'), Dieskau's successor, in August, 1V56, made 
an atiack upon Oswego, and compelled the English, num- 
bering fourteen hundred men, to surrender. A large 
amount of stores and money also fell into the hands of 
the victor. Incited by French emissaries, the Indians of 
the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. Ai-m- 
strong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittan- 
ning {kit-tan -iiing), their chief town, and destroyed it 
by fire. 

18. Events of 1757. — In the beginning of August, 
1757, Montcalm, with nine thousand men, two thousand 
of wliom were Indians, laid siege to Fort William Henry. 
For six days its commander, Col. Monro, kept up a vig- 
orous defence, trusting to receive aid from Gen. Webb, 
who, at the time, was in command of a large force at 
Fort Edward, only fifteen miles oif. 

19. At length, learning that no assistance would be 
sent, and being without ammunition, he was compelled 

1 6. Account of the battle at the hike. What did Johnson then do ? 

17. What did the Freiicli accomplish in 175()? Where is Oswego? (p. 58.) 
Give an account of Armstrong's expedition. Wliere is Kittanning? (p. 53.) 

18. What was the principal military operation of 1757? Give an account of 
it. Where was Fort Wm. Henry ? (p. 53.) 

* " Dieskau was found by his pursuers leanin-r against a stnrnp of a tree. As they np- 
proached, he felt for his watch to secure kind treatment liv deliverins it up. A soldier, 
thinking he was drawing forth a pistol to defend himself, shot liim through the hips."— 
Jrviiu). 




J^NKU2l 



H'arreS. ^^ 



1758.] THE FBENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 59 

to surrender, on the 9th, capitulating that his men should 
have a safe escort to Webb's quarters. Notwithstanding 
the stipulation, the English had hardly left the fort be- 
fore the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope 
of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number. 
The fort was demolished by order of Montcalm. 

20. Events of 1758. — Upon the death of Braddock, 
which occurred four days after his defeat in 1755, the 
general command devolved upon Shirley. Shirley Avas 
soon succeeded by Lord Lou'-don, and he, in turn, by Gen. 
Ab'-er-crom-by.* With the celebrated William Pitt, af- 
terward Lord Chatham, at the head of the British gov- 
ernment, prei>arations to carry on the war Avere made with, 
great vigor. Three expeditions were planned for 1758 : 
one, under Gen. Amherst {am -erst) ^ against Louisbmg ; 
another, luider Abercromby, against Fort Ticonderoga ; 
and a third, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. 

21. On the 26th of July Louisburg surrendered, after 
a desperate resistance of more than forty days, during 
which two officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly dis- 
tinguished themselves by their bravery. St. John's 
Island, now Prince Edward's, as well as the island of 
Cape Breton {brli'-im), fell into the hands of the British. 

22. Abercromby, making his way northward, sailed 
down Lake Georoe and, debarkino- near its outlet, com- 
menced a march through the forests toward Ticon- 
deroga, then commanded by Montcalm. In a conflict 
which took place, July 6th, between advanced bodies of 
the contending parties, Lord Howe, an officer greatly be- 
loved, was slain. Two days after, an unsuccessful assault 

19. Why was Monroe compelled to surrender? What capitulation was en- 
tered into ? State how it was violated ? 

20. Who, up to 175S, were the successive English commanders ? What ex- 
peditions were planned for that year ? Who was William Pitt ? 

21. Where is Louisburg? (Map, p. Gl.) Cape Breton Island ? St. John's 
Island ? Give an account of the exjjedition against Louisburg, What were the 
further results of the victory ? 

22. Give an account of the expedition commanded by Abercromby. 

Note.— For Braddoclc, see Appendix, p. G4, topic 22. 
* Abercromby's name is misspelled by many writers?. 



60 THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1758. 

upon the fort was made in full force, the assailants losing 
nearly two thousand men in killed and wounded* 

23. While Abercrombv, at tlie head of Lake George, 
was wasting aAvay the rest of the season, a detachment of 
his army, under Col. Bradstreet, achieved an important 
success. Proceeding by way of the Mohawk and Oswe- 
go, Bradstreet crossed Lake Ontario, and captured Fort 
Fron'-te-nac, situated where Kingston now stands. A 
vast amount of military stores and several vessels fell 
into his hands. 

24. In the expedition against Fort Duquesne, Wash- 
ington held a prominent command. Instead of advan- 
cing by the old road which Braddock had taken in 1755, 
it was decided, against the judgment of Washington, that 
a new one further east should be opened for the expedi- 
tion. The progress of the army was, consequently, slow, 
and a feeling of discouragement i)ervaded the troops, 
which was greatly increased by a defeat sustained by 
Major Grant, while leading an advanced detachment. 

25. It was then determined to abandon the expedition, 
but before the order to return was given, prisoners were 
brought in who made known the fict that the garrison 
at the fort was in a weak condition. The march was 
therefore resumed, but when Duquesne was reached, it 
was found in flames and deserted. In honor of their 
illustrious statesman, the English changed the name of 
the place to Fort Pitt. (See topic 135, App. p. 12.) 

26. Events of 1759. — The great object of the campaign 
of 1759 was the reduction of Canada. Gen. AV'olfe was 
to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst, who had succeeded 
Abercromby as commander-in-chief, was to reduce Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; 

23. Of the one under Bradstreet. Where was Fort Frontenac ? (p. 53.) 

24. Give an account of the pro2:ress of the expedition airainst Duqueone. 

25. State what afterward occurred. What change in name was made ? 

26. What plan of operation was adopted for 1759? 

* Read Note 4, end of Section. 



1759.] 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



61 




and Gen. Prideaux {prid'-6) was to capture Niagara and 
]\rontreal, and tlien join Amherst. 

27. Prideaux reached Niagara in July, hut, during tlie 
siege of ihe phace, was killed. Johnson, having succeeded 
to the command, defeated a relief force of French and 
Indians, and compelled the besieged to surrender. In- 
stead, however, of j^roceeding to Montreal, he made his 



Map Questioxs.— Into what horly of water does the St. Lawrence flow? The 
St. John's? The Penobscot? The Kennebec? The Connecticut? What 
country is on the north of the St. Lawrence ? What natural diviBion of land is 
Nova Scof.ia? Describe it. Where is Louisburg:? St. John's, or Prince 
Edward's Island? Cape Breton Island? Quebec? Isle of Orleans ? Point 
Levi ? 

27. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara. Of Amherst's expe- 
dition. Where are Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? 



62 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1760. 

way to Albany. ^VinlKTst reached the vicinity of Ticon- 
deroga, wlien the French abandoned both it and Crown 
Point witliont strikino- a blow. He went into winter- 
qnarters at tlie latter phice, and thns failed to co-operate 
Avitli AVolfe. 

28. AVith eight tlionsand men Wolfe ascended tlie St, 
Lawrence and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. 
On the olst of July he made a daring though unsuccess- 
ful attempt upon tlie French intrenchments before Quebec. 
Not discouraged by the disaster, the English etlected a 
landnig at night about two miles above the city, and 
climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on 
the followmg morning, September 13tli, stood on the 
Plains of Abraham m battle array. (Note 5, end of Sec.) 

29. Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by 
the English, left his strong position, and at once attacked 
them. A tierce and bloody battle followed, which re- 
sulted in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the mo- 
ment of victory.* Montcalm, who was mortally wounded., 
on being told that he could not live long, replied : " So 
much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of 
Quebec." The city capitulated five days after. 

30. Events of 17G0, and close of the war. — Pe 
Levi, jMontcalm's successor, made extensive preparations 
for the recovery of Quebec. He marched to Sillery, three 
miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 1760, 
was fought one of the most desperate battles of the war. 

28. Give an account of Wolfe's operations. Where is the Isle of Orleans ? 
(See Map. p. 01.) Where are the Plains of Abraham ? 

29. <.^ive an account of the battle that followed. What memorable reply did 
Montcalm make ? Wlien did Quebec fall into the hands of the Euiriish ? 

30. Who was De Levi ? What preparation did he make * Give an account 
of the battle that followed. Where is Sillery ? Wliat success did Amherst have ? 

* " ' See liow tliev run,' one of the otlieers exdiiimcd, ns the French fled in confusion 
befoie the levelled bayonets. 'Who ruiir demanded Wolfe, opeuinj; his eyes like ii man 
aroused from sleep. 'The onemv, sir," was the reply ; ' they jcive way everywhere.' * * * 
'Now, Ciod he praised, 1 die in peace,' he murmured ; and turniuy on his side, he calmly 
breathed his last."— i'<i/7.('i((;i'.'? CoH.sjx'/ffi/ of I'oiitku: 

" He wrote, from the testimony of a brother aide-de-camp, who was by his side, that the 
peneral vWolfe) never spoke at all after receiving his death-wound ; so that the phrase which 
has heen put into the numtli of the dyin^ hero may he cousidered as no more authentic than 
Hu or.iiion of Livy or Tliucydides."— JVnaV.erdy's ViiffiiiMnis. 



f^l 




- ,i^K, 



Scalinx? the Ileishts of Abraham. 



1760.] THE FRENCH AND INDIA?! WAE. 63 

At length the Englisli, after losing a thousand men, fell 
back; but the opportune arrival of a British fleet, some 
days after, compelled tlie French to retreat. Amherst pro- 
ceeded against and invested Montreal. Tlie governor, una- 
ble to resist, signed a capitulation, by which not only that 
city but the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. 

31. The war betw^een France and England continued 
until 1*763, when a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, 
by which France ceded to Great Britain all her American 
possessions east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iber- 
ville [i'-ber-vil) River, in Louisiana. At the same time 
Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 

32. PoNTiAc's WaPw — The transfer of the posts betw^een 
the lakes and the Ohio to the British, whom the Indians 
disliked, exasperated the savages; and they, in a short 
time, gained possession of them all, except Niagara, Fort 
Pitt, and Detroit. Hundreds of families were butchered 
or driven from their homes. Detroit was besieged six 
months, but w^as finally relieved ; and at last the Indians 
w^ere compelled to sue for peace. Pon'-ti-ac, their princi- 
pal chief, a few years after, was assassinated by an Indian. 

CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1758. Washington was sent with a letter from Dinwiddle . .Oct 31. 

1754. Washington defeated the French at Great Meadows. .May 28. 
Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity July 4. 

1755. Monckton expelled the French from Nova Scotia. 

Braddock was defeated at the :Nron()ngahela July 9. 

Dieskau defeated the British near Lake George, ) ^ ^ 
The British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, f ' • * 

1756. War between England and France was proclaimed. 

The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego . . .Aug. 14. 
Armstrong defeated the Indians, at Kittanning Sept. 8. 

1757. Webb surrendered Fort Wm. Henry to Montcalm. . .Aug. 9. 

1758. Montcalm repulsed Abercromby at Ticonderoga July 8. 

The English, under Amherst, captured Louisburg. . .July 2G. 

3 1 . Wlien was the war closed ? Terms of the treaty ? Florida ? 

32. Next war? Its cause ? Account of it. Where is Dcrroit ? (P. K)5.) 



64 THE FRENCH AND INT)IAN WAR. 

17o8. English, under Bradstreet, captured Ft, Frontenac. .Aug. 27, 

Aubry defeated Grant near Fort Duquesne Sept. 21, 

Fort Duquesne fell into the hands of the English. . .Nov. 25. 

1759. The English, under Johnson, captured Ft. Niagara. .July 25. 
Wolfe was defeated in the battle of ]Montmorenci. . . .July 31. 
Wolfe defeated ^Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 
Quebec was surrendered to the English Sept. 18. 

1760. De Levi defeated the English at Sillery, near Quebec, Apr. 28. 
Montreal surrendered to the English, under Amlierst, Sept. 8> 

17G3. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War, Feb. 10- 



RE\^EW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What was the principal cause of the French and Indian War ? 54 

2. On what mission was Washington sent in 1758 'i 55 

3. Give an account of his journey and success 55 

4. In what direction was Fort Le Bceuf from Williamsburg ? 53 

5. Give the history of the construction of Fort Duquesne 50 

6. Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows 5(5 

7. Name three principal events of 1753 and 1754 63 

S. Name four principal events of 1755 <^'i 

9. Name nine principal events of the next three years 63, 64 

10. Name seven principal events that next occurred 64 

11. State all you can cff General Braddock 57 

12. State all you can of Governor Shirley 57-59 

13 State all you can of General Johnson 57, 5S, 61, 62 

14. State what you can of Baron Dieskau 57. 58 

15. State what you can of Montcalm 58, 59, 62 

16. Give an account of the expedition against Kittanuing 58 

17. State what you can of General Amherst 59, 00, 62, 63 

18. Give an account of Bradstreet's expedition against Frontenac 00 

19. Give au account of Forbes's expedition against Duquesne W) 

20. State what you can of General Wolfe 59, (M). 62 

21. Give au account of the military events of 1700 62. 63 

22. Name, in order, sixteen battles of the war (>;3. 04 

2:i. Name seven in which the English were successful O:^, 64 

24. Name nine in which the French were successful 63. W 

25. Name five battles that were fought in Pennsylvania 63, 64 

26. Name six that were fought in New York 63. (54 

27. Name four that were fought in Canada 63, 64 

28. Give an account of Monckton's expedition 50, 57 

29. Give the history of Louisburg to the close of 1758 30. 59 

30. Give the history of Vovi Duquesne to the close of 1758 5«), 55, 57, 59. 60 

31. When did the French and Indian War begin and end ? 03, 04 

32. Give an account of Pontiac's War W 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY, 

WITH THE CONTEMPORANEOUS ENOLTSH AND FRENCH SOVEREIGNS. 



Enjilish. 



> 1492 
>. 1497 
g 1498 

W 1499 
1512 
1513 

1517 
1520 
1521, 



H 



1524, 
1528 
1534 
1541 



1562. 
1564, 
1565, 
1579, 
1584. 
1585 
1602, 
1606. 
1607. 
1609. 
1614. 

1619. 
1620. 
1621. 
1622. 
1623. 
1630. 
1633. 
1634. 
1635. 
1636. 
1637. 
1638 



1643. 
1644. 



Discoveries and Elxplorations. 

. Tlie West Indies were discovered by Columbus. 

, North America was discovered by the Cal)ots. 

, Coast of N. America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 

South America was discovered by Columbus. 
" " was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 

Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

The Pacific Ocean was discovered by JJalboa. 

Yucatan was discovered by Cordova. 

The coast of Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 

Mexico was explored and conquered by Cortez. 

Coast of North America explored by Verrazzaui. 

Florida was explored ])y Narvaez. 

The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 

The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto. 

Colonial Events. 
The Huguenots attempted to colonize Carolina. 
The second Huguenot colony was begun in Florida. 
Florida, at St. Augustine, was settled by S])aniards. 
AVest coast of North America explored by Di-ake. 
Carolina coast explored by Raleigh's expedition. 
7. Raleigh made two attempts to colonize Carolina. 
The Massachusetts coast was explored by Gosnold, 
The London and Plymouth Co's received charters. 
The London Co. planted a colony at Jamestown. 
The Hudson River was discovered by Hudson. 
The New England coast was explored by Smith. 
New York was settled by the Dutch. 
Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia. 
Plymouth, Massachusetts, was settled. 
The treaty with ^Massasoit was made. 
The first Indian massacre in Virginia occun'cd. 
New Hampshire was settled. 
Boston settled by the Massachusetts Bay colony. 
Connecticut was settled at Windsor. 
Maryland (at St. Mary's) was settled. 
Saybrf)ok (2d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 
Providence (1st colony in Rhode Island) was settled. 
The Pequods of Connecticut were destroyed. 
The second colony of Rhode Island was established. 
The Swedish colony in Delaware was established. 
New Haven (3d colony in Connecticut) was .settled. 
Four New England colonies formed a Union. 
The two colonies of Rhode Island were united. 



French. 






o 






CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



English. 

1650. 
IG51. 
IGoo. 
1G5G. 



^ 



North Carolina (on the Chowan) was settled. 
Parliament passed the " Navl,i,^ati<)n Act." 
New Sweden (Delaware) conquered by the Dutch. 
The " Persecution of Quakers" in Massachusetts. 



1663. The grant of Carolina to Clarendon and others. 

1664. New York taken by tlie English from the Dutch. 
New Jersey (at Elizabeth) was settled. 

1665. Tlie Connecticut colonies united under one charter 
1670. South Carolina (on the Ashley) was settled. 

1673. Vii'ginia Avas ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
1675. King Philip's War in New England. 
1682. Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia) was settled. 

Delaware granted by the Duke of York to Penn. 



1689. 
1690. 
1692. 
1697. 

1702. 
1710. 
1713. 
1729. 
1732. 
1733. 
1744. 
1745. 
1748. 
1754. 



1755. 

1756. 
1757. 
1758. 



1759. 

1760. 
1763. 



King William's War began in America. 

Port Royal (Nova Scotia) captured by the English. 
Plymouth was united witii Massachusetts. 
The " Treaty of Ryswick" ended the war. 

Queen Anne's War began in America. 

Port Royal captured (2d time) by the English. 

The " Treaty of Utrecht" ended tlie war. 
Carolina separated into North and South Carolina. 
Washington was born in Virginia, Feb. 22. 
Georgia (at Savannali) was settled. 
King George's War began in America. 

Lonisburg was taken (1st time) by the English. 

The " Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle'' ended the Avar. 
The French and Indian War. 

Washington defeated the French at Gt. INIeadoAvs. 

Wasliington capitulated at Fort Necessity. 

The French were expelled from Nova Scotia. 

Braddock Avas defeated at the Monongahela. 

Oswego Avas captured by the French. 

Fort William Henry surrendered to the French. 

Abercromby Avas defeated at Ticonderoga. 

Louisburg Avas taken (2d time) by the English. 

Ft. Frontenac (Kingst(m) was taken by the English. 

Ft. Niagara Avas taken by tlie English. 

Tlie battle of Montmorenci : Wolfe Avas defeated. 

Wolfe defeated Montcalm before Quebec. 

Quebec Avas surrendered to the English, 

The English Avere defeated near Quebec. 

Montreal Avas surrendered to the English. 

The " Treaty of Paris" ended the Avar. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY C0L0N"1ES. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 

The pupils ^vill prepare Avritten exercises in narrative form, 
takino; eacli colony as a topic. They should make the statements 
with fulness, and as near as possible in their own lani^uage; or, 
the exercise may be prepared in the form of an aual3"sis, according 
to the model given before page 18. 



Virginia. — First Charter — Jamestown — Sufferings — 
Wingtield — Eatcliffe — Smith — Pocahontas — Second 
Charter — Starving Time — Lord Delaware — Third Charter 
— Shivery — Planters' Wives — Indian Massacres — Fate of 
the third Charter — I^avigation Act — Grant to Culpepper 
and Arlington — Causes for dissatisfaction — Subsequent 
history — Bacon's Rebellion — French and Indian War — 
Government * — Name.* 

Massachusetts. — Gosnold — Pring — Plymonth Co. — 
Smith — Council of Plymouth — Pilgrims — The Mayflower 
— Plymouth — Carver — Brewster and others — Distress — 
Treaty with Massasoit — Massachusetts Bay Colony — 
Boston — Other settlements — Harvard College — Union of 
Colonies — Quakers — King Philip's War — Fate of the 
Charter, and why — King William's War — Witchcraft — 
Union of Plymouth with Massachusetts — Queen Anne's 
War — King George's AYar — French and Indian War — 
Government — Xame. 

New Hampshire. — Smith — Council of Plymouth — 
Grant to Gorges and Mason — Settlements — Wheelwright 
— Mason's subsequent ownership — Union with Massachu- 
setts — Land Controversy — Government — Xame. 

Connecticut. — Council of Plymouth — Subsequent 
Proprietors — Connecticut Colony — Saybrook Colony — 
Pequod War — Xew Haven Colony — Union of the Col- 
onies — Andros — The Charter — Government — Xame. 

Rhode Island.— Roger Williams — Providence Settle- 
ment — Coddington — Pihode Island Settlement — Union 
of the Settlements — Charter — Government — Xame. 

* See Appendix, page 9 ; also topics at the end of the book. 



SUGOESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLOXIES. 

New York.— Henry Iliidson — Settled — Inducements 
to sorilors — Dutch Governors — Stuyvesunt in Delaware 
— The Grant to the Duke of York— Tlie surrender to the 
English — Change of Xames — Under English Eule — Re- 
covery by the Dutch — Slaves — French and Indian AVar 
— Battles near Fort George — Oswego — Ft. Wm. Henry— 
Ticonderoga — Government — Name. 

New Jersey. — New Xetherlands — Dutch trading 
posts and forts— Grant to the Duke of York— To Berk- 
eley and Carteret— Elizabeth— The Duke of York's 
conduct — The disposition of Berkeley's interest — The 
subsequent ownership of Xew Jersey— The Union with 
Xew York — Government — Xame. 

Maryland. — Part of Virginia — Clayborne — The 
Charter — Settlement — Clayborne's Rebellion — Toleration 
Act — Protestant Intolerance — Subsequent History — 
Government — Xame. 

Pennsylvania. — Swedish Settlements — Penn — Phil- 
adeljihia — Indian Treaty — Penn's Government — French 
and Indian War — Great Meadows — Fort Necessity — Brad- 
dock's Defeat — Kittanning — Fort Du Quesne — Govern- 
ment — Xame. 

Delaware. — Gustavus Adolphus — Purchase of land 
— Charter— Xame of Xew Sweden — Xew Settlements — 
X^ew Xethrrlands — Dutch Conquest — Part of X"e\v York 
— Subsequent history — Government — Xame. 

North and South Carolina. — Exploration: of 
Aniidas and Barlo\. — Ealeigh's attempts at settlement — 
The Albemarle County Colony— The First Gran;, to Clar- 
endon & Co. — The Clarendon County Colony— The 
Second Grant to Clarendon & Co. — The Carteret 
County Colony — Charleston — The Separation of the 
Carolinas — Subsequent history — Government — Xame. 

Georgia. — Ditterent Claims to the Territory — The 
Grant to Oglethorpe and others — Settlement — Character 
of Settlers — Eegulations of the Trustees — Hostilities with 
Spanish Xeighbors — Final action of the Trustees — Gov- 
ernment — Xame. 



1761.] THE AMERICAN liEVOLUTION. 65 



SECTION IV. 

The American Jlevolution. 

1. Causes of the war. — The expenses which Great 
]]rituiii had incuiTed in tlie Frencli and Indian War, 
greatly increased her national debt. The English min- 
istry, asserting that this had been done in defending 
their American possessions, proposed to lessen the bur- 
den by taxing the colonies. In connection with the pro- 
position thus made, it was affirmed that the light to tax 
tlie colonies was inherent in Parliament. 

2. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colo- 
nies had been founded at tlieir own expense ; and that, 
while they had already contributed their full proportion 
in defending themselves, the advantages resulting from 
tlieir preservation were shared by England in common 
with themselves. The colonists also maintained that they 
could be justly taxed only l)y a legislature in which they 
Avere represented. Inasmuch, then, as they were not al' 
lowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, 
tliat body had no right to tax them. 

3. Besides, the policy of Great Britain toward her col- 
onies had been, for years, unjust and illiberal, and calcu- 
lated to incite a rebellious spirit. The Navigation Act,* 
previously described, and the issuing of " Writs of As- 
sistance," in 1701, were measures which were loudly com- 

1. IIow did the French and Indian War aftect the debt of Great Britain? 
TThat as^sertion was made ? Wliat afiirmatioii '< What proposition was made ? 

2. Wiiat reply did tlie eolonists make ? What was the conclusion ? ^ 

3. What policy had been pursued ? What is said of the Writs of Assistance ? 

» " March (1763) had not ended when a bill wms Ijr.iuKlit in (tiie House of Commons) giv- 
infT iiuthonty to employ the ships, seamen, and officers of the navy as custom-house officers 
aiul informers. The measure was Grenville's own (Lord Grenvillc was a member ol the 
British Cabinet, (ieorge III. being kiiig;, and it was rapidly carried thrnuf;h; so that in three 
short weeks it became lawful, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to (;ape Florida, for each 
ctmimander of an armed vessel to stop and examine, and, in case of suspicion, to seize every 
niercliant ship approaching the colonies."— ii««cTOyf'.s IliHtunj of the United Htntt.t. 



66 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1765. 

plained of. These " Writs" were general search-warrants 
empowering custom-house officers to break open ships, 
stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise on 
which it Avas suspected no duty had been paid. 

4. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed 
by Parliament in 1765, reached America, intense indigna- 
tion was produced. By the provisions of the Act, it was 
required that stamps, to be furnished by the British gov- 
ernment, were to be put upon all instruments, such as 
deeds, bonds, and notes ; as well as upon newspapers, al- 
manacs, and other printed matter. This was " taxation 
by means of a stamp duty." 

5. The first burst of opi^osition appeared in the Legisla- 
ture of Virgina, where Patrick Henry distinguished him- 
self by his bold eloquence. Afterward a more formidable 
opposition Avas shown, when, upon the recommendation 
of the Massachusetts Assembly, a Colonial Congress, in 
which nine colonies were represented, was held in Xew 
York. Of this Congress, Timothy Ruggles, of JMassa- 
chusetts, was elected president ; and, after mature delib- 
eration, a Declaration of Bights, a Petition to the King, 
and a Memorial to Parliament, Avere adopted.* 

6. When the day came on Avhich the Stamp Act Avas 
to go into effect, there Avere no officials courageous enough 
to carry it into execution ; and, besides, all the stamps liad 
been concealed or destroyed. Business continued to be 
conducted Avithout stamps, and the colonial merchants 
agreed to import no more goods AAdiile the obnoxious 
measure remained a laAV. A change in the British muiis- 
try occurring, the act A\\as repealed in 1766. 

7. Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colo- 

4. What took place in lTf.5? AVhat cftVct did the news have in America? 
What provisions of the Stanip Act are named ? 

.5. What opposition did the Stamp Act meet with? 

6. How were Ihc opcrationa of the Stamp Act prevented? ANhat was the 
cousequcnce ? 

- See Appendix lor Patrick IIc:iry, pa^^'e G 5, topic 7J. 



1767.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 

nies, passed a bill, in 1767, for levying duties on glass, 
paper, painters' colors, and tea. The news of this and 
other obnoxious measures of the British government, pro- 
duced a revival of the feelings which had been caused 
by the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation 
associations were formed. (Read topic 16, App., p. 63.) 

8. The opposition of the people of Boston being par- 
ticularly bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage 
from Halifax to overawe them. The presence of the 
troops exasperated the people ; and aifrays ensued, in one 
of whicli, called the " Boston Massacre," occurring on the 
5tli of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon the jjopulace, 
killing three men and wounding others. 

9. The opposition to the revenue measures induced 
Parliament to revoke all the duties laid in 1767, excej^t 
that of three j^ence per pound on tea ; but as the jdco- 
ple were contending against the principle of " taxation 
without representation," and not against the amount of 
taxes imposed, the concession w^as not satisfactory. 

10. The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent 
back: that for Charleston being stored in damj) cellars, 
perished. At Boston a party of men, since known as the 
" Boston Tea Party," disguised as Indians, boarded the 
ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke 
open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into 
the water. 

SI. For the purpose of ])unishing the Bostonians, Par- 
liament passed the Boston Port Bill, which prohibited all 



7. What right did Parliament still claim ? By what act was the claim made 
known ? What was the etrect ? 

8. What military measure was adopted? What was the effect? Give an 
account of the " Boston Massacre." Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. 01.) 

9. What concession was made by Parliament ? Why was not the concession 
satisfactory to the colonists ? 

10. What was done with the tea broui?ht to America? Where is Phila- 
delphia ? (Map. p. 48.) Where is Charleston ? (Map. p. 4(1.) 

11. What retaliatory measure did Parliament adopt? What generous con- 
duct did the people of Salem manifest? Where is Salem ? (Map, p. Hi.) 

Note.— "The wliole numl)t!rof white inhabitants in all tlio thirteen colonies 
was, in 1774, about 2,100,030 ; of blacks, about bWfim:'— Bancroft. 



68 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 11774. 



intercourse with Boston by water, and removed tlie ens- 
tom-house to Salem. But the peopk^ of Sak^m generously 
refused to thrive at the expense of their neighbors, and 
the wharves of that town were ottered for the use of the 
Boston merchants, free of charge.* (Note 4, end of Sec.) 

12. A general Congress, known as " The First Conti- 
nental Congress," with Peyton liandolph, of Virginia, as 
j^resident, met at l*hiladelphia, in Se])teniber, 1774. All 
the colonies, except Georgia, were represented. After 
due deliberation, a Declaration of Rights was made ; 
the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain recommended ; and addresses were voted to the 
king and the ])eople of Great Britain and Canada. 

13. A conflict with Great Britain seemed inevitable. 
The men in Massachusetts capable of bearing arms were 
daily trained in military exercises, and pledged to take 
the held at a minute's notice, — hence their name of " Min- 
ute Men." Military measures were also ado})ted in other 
colonies, and a general determination was manifest to 
resist, even with arms, the new oppressions attempted to 
be imposed by Great Britain. 

14. Events of 1775.— On the night of the 18th of 
April, 1775, Gen. Gage dispatched eiglit hundred troops, 
under Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn {pit'-kilrae), to de- 
stroy some military supplies which the Americans had 
collected at Concord, a town in Massachusetts, about six- 
teen miles from Boston. 

15. The patriots of Boston, having had a sus])icion of 
such a movement, were on the alert. By preconcerted 



1 2. What convention was held by the colonists ? Give nn account of its or- 
pani/cation and (loinir?>. 

1 3. Wliat socincd inevitable ? What is said of the " Minute Men ?" "WTiat is 
said of military preparations? 

Map Qi'KSTiONs.— (Map, p. 24.) How is Boston situated? Newburvport^ 
Newport? New Bedford? New London ? In which direction is Lexington 
from Boston ? Concord from Boston ? Salem from Boston ? 

14. What was Gage's first important measure ai^aiust the Americans ? 

* The peoi)le of Xewburyport made u similar olll-r. 



1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



signals, the alarm was given, and when the British reached 
Lexington, early on the folloAving morning, April lOtli, 
about seventy of tlie militia were drawn np under ai-ms. 
The king's troops fired upon them, killing and wound- 
ing several. Then was shed the first blood of the Rev- 
olution. 

16. At Concord some of the supplies were destroyed ; 
but the militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took 
place, in which several were killed on both sides. On 
their way back to l^oston, the British were re-enfoi-ced at 
Lexington, but during their retreat, as far as Charles- 
town, the Americans pursued, keeping up a constant and 
destructive fire upon them. The loss of the British dur- 
ing the day was over two hundred ; that of the patiiots 
was about ninety. (Head Note 1, end of Sec.) 

17. When the news of the day's contest spread, the 
militia from all parts of New England hastened to join 
those of Massachusetts in forming a camp near Boston, 
where General Ward, of Massachusetts, was exercising 
a limited command. It being deemed important to 
possess Ticonderoga and Crown Point, both places were 
captured in May by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, 
and a large supply of military stores secured for the 
patriots. 

18. Upon the arrival of re-enforcements from England, 
under Generals Howe, Bur-goyne', and Sir Henry Clin- 
ton, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans 
in arms rebels and traitors, but offering pardon to those 
who should return to their allegiance. .John Hancock 
and Samuel Adams, whose offences were pronounced 



1 5. What action did the patriots take ? Give an account of what occurred 
at Lexint^'ton. Where is Lexinj^ton ? (Map, p. 24.) 

1 6. Give an account of v/hat took place at Concord. Of the other events of 
the day. Where is Charlestown ? (Map, p. 70.) 

17. What effect did the news have ? What success did Allen and Arnold 
have? Where is Ticonderocra '/ (^ap. p. 38.) Crown Point ? 

18. What re-enforcements came ro Gates ? What proclamation was issued / 
Who were excepted ? Why were they excepted ? 



70 



THE AMERICAN EEYOLUTION. 



[1775. 



too great to admit of pardon, Avero excepted from this 

offer.* 

19. It becoming 
evident tliat the 
Britisli meditated 
offensive operations. 
Col. Prescott was 
sent, on the evening 
of the IGth of Jnne, 
with a detachment 
of one thousand men 
to fortify Bunker 



BOSTON 

TTCiBTITY' 




BREEDS HILC^ 
Cain"bria!5e 










BrooMin t j- 




a}<'*'^°lloil)urj/j" 



Hill ; but, on attain- 
ing the heights, he 
concUided to fortify 
Breed's Hill instead, 
this being nearer to 
Boston. When the 
British, on tlie fol- 
io win o- mornino- dis- 
covered the redoubt Avhich the Americans had constructed 
during the night, they commenced a cannonade upon it. 

20. Tliis failing, tliree thousand men, under Howe, were 
sent to dislodge the patriots. Twice did the British ap- 
proach within a few rods of the redoubt, but they Avere 
each time rejmlsed Avith lieaA^y loss. Clinton arriving, 
tlie third charge Avas more successful ; and the Americans, 
their ammunition being exhausted, Avere forced to retreat. 

21. The British lost, in killed and wounded, more than 
a thousand men ; the Americans, less than half that num- 



Map Questions.— TTow is Boston situated? In what diroction is Boston 
from Bunker Hill? From Breed's HIU? From Charlestown ? Projn Cam- 
oridiro? Where was Copp's Hill ? Where are Dorchester Heights ? AVhere is 
South Boston? Am:. On and about Dorchester Ileiifhts. Uf what city does 
South Boston now form a part ? .4 ».•>% Boston. 

19. What defensive measures did the patriots adopt ? 

19, 20. Give an account of the battle of Bunlcer Hill. 



* See App., p. 0-2, topic -2 (.Vdauis) ; also App., p. fiS, topic GS (Hancock), 



1T75.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



71 



ber, but among their slain was the distinguished pa- 
triot, Joseph Warren.* Though tlie British liad gained 
tlie hill, the victory to them was more disastrous and liu- 
miliating than an ordinary defeat ; while, to the Ameri- 
cans, the defeat liad the effect of a triumph. 

22. On the very day of the capture of Ticonderoga, 
May 10th, the second Continental Congress convened at 
Philadeljjhia. That body decided to raise an army of 
twenty thousand men ; and, on the 15th of June, by a 
unanimous vote, elected George Washington commander- 
in-chief of " the forces raised or to be raised in defence 
of American liberties." 

23. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, took a 
decided course against the patriots; but, owing to the 
activity of Patrick Henry and others, he was compelled 
to make compensation for a quantity of powder which he 
had seized. Some months later a force of tories and ne- 
groes which he had collected attacked a body of Virgin- 
ians near Norfolk; butjthe assailants 
were repulsed with great loss. In 
revenge, Dunmore, on the first day 
of the new year, reduced Norfolk to 
ashes, f 

24. To prevent the use of Canada 
by the British as a place of rendez- 
vous and supply, an invasion, by two 
forces, was determined upon. Ac- 
cordingly, Gen. Schuyler {ski'-ler)^ 
commanding one, was sent by the 




21. What loj;«os (lid each party sustain? How did the victory affect the 
British ? IIow did the defeat affect the patriots ? 

22. When and where did Con<,'ress, a second time, meet? What measures 
were adopted hy Congress ? 

23. Give an account of the difficulties in Virginia, with Dunmore. Where 
is Norfolk ? CMap, p. 12<j.) 

24- What plan of action against Canada was adopted ? Describe the Ken- 
nebec River. (Map. p. 01.) Row did Montgomery get the command? What 
success did Montgomery liave ? 



* For account of Warren, sec App., j). 74, topic 105; uud read also Note 2, 
end of Section. 

t For Henry, see topic 70, App. p. 08. 



72 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 11775. 

way of Lake Champlain ; Av^Iiile the other, under Gen. Ar- 
nold, took the route by the Kennebec River. Schuyler 
proceeded but a sliort distance when, sickness compelling 
him to return, the next in command, Gen. Montgomery, 
gained possession of Fort Cliambly (s/iani'-hle), St. Jolm's, 
and Montreal, and tlien moved against Quebec. 
• 25. Arnold, having performed a tedious march througli 
tlie wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that 
of Montgomery's, and, with the latter officer in the chief 
command, Quebec was besieged for three weeks. Finally, 
at dawn, on the last day of 17 75, and during a violent 
snow-storm, the American army, in four columns, ad- 
vanced to assail the city ; but tlie attempt was unsuc- 
cessful. Montgomery Avas among the first who fell, and 
Arnold was severely wounded.* 

26. Arnold, though wounded, took command of the 
troops that had effected a retreat, and, in an encampment 
a short distance from Quebec, passed a rigorous Avinter. 
In the spring, Gen. Woos'-ter arrived and took the com- 
mand ; and he, in turn, was succeeded by Gen. Thomas. 
By the middle of June, 1776, the Americans had aban- 
doned one place after another, and entirely evacuated 
Canada. 

27. Events of 1776. — Washington, who had arrived 
at Cambridge about three weeks after his appointment 
as commander-in-chief, and had there taken command of 
the army, determined to drive the British from Boston ; 
but no plan of operations was fully determined upon before 
the early part of March, 1776. Then, in one night, intrench- 
ments were thrown up on Dor'-ches-ter Heights, which 
completely commanded the city and harbor of Boston. 

2 5 . What did Arnold accomplish ? Give an account of the operations against 
Quebec. Wliere is (Quebec '? (Map. p. (ll.t 

26. What did Arnold do after the battle ? How was the desiijn against Que- 
bec terminated ? 

27. At what place did Washington take command of the army? \\ hat wao 
his first aim ? What means did he adopt ? 



* For account of Montgomery, see App., p. 70, topic 10:2. 



1776.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



28. Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the com- 
mand, being unable to dislodge the Americans, informally 
agreed to evacuate the city without setting fire to it, upon 
condition that, while doing so, his army should ?iot be 
molested from the batteries on the heights. Accordingly, 
on the 17th of Marcli, 177G, the British troops, accompa- 
nied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, embarked ou 
board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for. Halifax. 

29. Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clin- 
ton, which had been previously sent from Boston, was des- 
tined to attack New 



York, Washington 
sent Gen. Cliarles 
Lee to protect that 
city. It hap2)ened 
that on the very day 
of Lee's arrival 
there, Clinton ar- 
rived off Sandy- 
Hook. Thus foiled 
in his a 1 1 e m p t 
against New York, 
Clinton sailed to 
the South, and was 
joined by Sir Peter 
Parker and Lord 
Corn-wal'-lis, with 
a fleet and troops 

from England, wlien the whole force proceeded against 
Charleston. 




CHARLESTON 



28. What agreement was made between the two parties ? Give an account 
of what followed. Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. Gl.) 

Map Questions.— How is Charleston situated? Sullivan's Island? What 
fort is on Sullivan's Island ? What other forts defend Charleston ? Where Is 
Sandy Hook ? (Map, p. 43.) 

29. What canyon state of an expedition as^ainst New York ? What was 
then done by C'UntOB ? What was done l)y Clinton and Parker ? 

[ ]^OTR.— For acpfMint of General Lee, see Appendix, p. CO, topic 00. 



74 THE AMEEICAN REVOLUTION. [1776. 

30. The people of Charleston had made preparations 
against an attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto-wood 
on Snllivan's Island, which commanded the channel lead- 
ing to the tOAvn. This was garrisoned by live hundred 
men, under Col. Moultrie {nwle'-tre). On the morning 
of the 28th of June, the fleet approaciied Sullivan's Island; 
but, after a conflict of nine hours, during whicli Clinton was 
defeated in an attempt to reach the island, tlie ships, much 
shattered, drew oti', and afterward sailed to the North.* 

31. In the mean time, Congress, then in session at Phil- 
adelphia, was preparing to declare a separation of tlie 
political relations existing between Great Britain and the 
colonies. A resolution to that eftect, having been oflered 
by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the Ttli of June, 
was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. Two 
days after, Thomas Jefterson, of Virginia, in behalf of a 
committee of five members, presented a document Avhich 
he had prepared; and then, July the 4th, 177G, this docu- 
ment, the Declaration of iNDErENDEXCE, was unani- 
mously adopted by Congress. (See note, App., p. 8.) f 

32. In the beginning of July, Gen. Ilowe arrived from 
Halifax and took possession of Staten Island, at tlie en- 
trance of New York Bay. Here he was joined by hh 
brother. Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, and by a large 
body of liired troops, from Germany. These last were 
called Hessians; because the most of them had l)een fur- 
nished by the landgrave of Ilesse-Cassel. While Howe 
soon liad an army of thirty-five thousand men, Washing- 
ton's eifective force, in Ncav York and vicinity, did not 
exceed seventeen thousand. 

30. How were the people of Charleston prepared ? Give an account of the 
battle fouijht there. 

31. What was Conirrcss doinf^ in the mean time ? What is said of a resohi- 
tioii V What afterward took place ? 

32. Where, meanwhile, were the British concentrating a large force ? What 
troops joined llowc there ? What is said of the Hessians ? 

* Read Note 3, end of Section. 

t For the Declaiation itself, with the names of the signers, see App., p. 3. 



1776.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



75 




NEW YORK BAT. 



33. Howe's troops were landed 
on the western end of Long Isl- 
and, and, in three divisions, by 
tliree different roads, advanced 
toward tlie American camp at 
Brooklyn, then in command of 
Gen. Putnam.* While two of the 
divisions, Aug. 27th, were en- 
gaging the Americans, the third, 
under Clinton, having taken a 
circuitous route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots 
cut their way through the host of foes, but nearly two 
thousand were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The 
British lost less than four hundred. 

34. The British encamped in front of the American 
lines, but made no attack during two days, their design 
being to await the arrival and co-operation of the fleet. 
Washington, perceiving that his army in Brooklyn might 
be surrounded and entrapped, began a movement on the 
night of the 29th ; and, favored by a fog wliich hung over 
the city, succeeded in getting all his troops to New York. 

35. Influenced by his oflicers, Washington retreated to 
the northern part of New York island, and then to Wliite 
Plains. Here a partial engagement, to the disadvantage 
of the Americans, took place on the 28th of October, when 
they withdrew to Nortli Castle. Instead of following, 
the Britisli general turned his attention to the forts on the 
Hudson. (Read Note 5, end of Section.) 

36. Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Cas- 



3.3. What movement did Howe first make from St^ten I. ? Give an account 
of the battle. By what name is it known ? Anfs. The Battle of Long Island. 

34. Uive an account of Wa^hin^'ton's masterly retreat. 

35. What course did Wasliinirton then adopt t- Give an account of the battle 
of White Plains. To what objects did Howe next turn his attention ? 

Map Questions.— (Map. p. 20.) Where is Brooklyn ? North Castle? Sagj; 
Harbor? Esopus (now Kingston)? West Point? Tarrytown ? Where waa 
Fort Washington ? Fort Lee ? Fort Clinton ? Fort Montgomery ? 

* See Appendix, pa,^e TZ, topic 1.36. 



76 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1776. 

tie, another, under Col. Magaw, at Fort Washington, and 
a third, under Gen. Heath, at Peekskill, Washington 
crossed the Hudson and entered New Jersey. On the 
16th of November, the British attacked Fort Washington, 
and, although they were successful, the victory cost them 
a thousand men. 

37. To the number of six thousand, with Lord Corn- 
wallis in command, they crossed the Hudson, and took 
possession of Fort Lee, which the Americans had aban- 
doned on their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, 
Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, on the 
8th of December, crossed the Delaware with his dimin- 
ished and dislieartened army. Congress, then in session 
at Pliiladelphia, soon after adjourned to Baltimore. 

38. Lee, who had been urged to hurry to tlie support 
of the main army, instead of obeying, at first delayed, 
and then advanced leisurely. Having incautiously taken 
quarters at a distance from his detachment, he was sur- 
prised and taken prisoner. Sullivan, who had been made 
a prisoner at the battle of Long Island and recently ex- 
changed, then promptly conducted the detachment to 
Washington's camp. 

39. A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many 
disasters, prevailed among the patriots. This was dis- 
pelled by a bold enterprise accomplished by Washington. 
On Cliristmas night, he crossed the Delaware, and on the 
following morning, Dec. 26tli, attacked a body of Hessians 
stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their commander, was mor- 
tally wounded, about thirty were slain, and nearly a thou- 
sand taken prisoners. The Americans lost only four men. 



36. Where did Washinjiton leave detachments? What movement did he 
then make ? State what toolc place at Fort Washington. 

37. Give an account of Washington's retreat and Cornwallis's pursuit. 

38. What is stated of Lee ? What is stated of Sullivan ? 

39. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. Where is Trenton? (ilap. 
p. 77.) Princeton? Morristown? 



1777.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



77 



40. Washington recrossed the Delaware with his pris- 
oners, but, encouraged by his success and finding his 
army strengthened by recent recruits, he again crossed 
the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on 
the oftensive. This was a bold movement, for the enemy 
were assembled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles 
distant. 




CENTRAL PART OP NEW JERSEY. 



41. Events of 1777.— 
Though Washington had 
bQen joined by troops rai- 
der Generals Mifflin and 
Cadwalladev, the whole 
force with him, on the 1st 
of Jan., 1777, did not exceed 
five thousand men. Toward 
the evening of the 2d, Corn- 
wallis reached Trenton, and 
after making several unsuc- 
cessful attempts to cross the 

stream which runs through the town, concluded to defer 
liostilities till the morning, feeling sure of then capturing 
Washington and his entire arm}^ 

. 42. The position of the American army was critical. 
Any attempt to cross the Delaware, then obstructed by 
floating ice, would undoubtedly end in disaster ; while to 
remain and risk a battle with a force so much superior to 
liis own, appeared to Washington equally dangerous. In 
this emergency a bold expedient was adopted. Leaving 
his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route 
toward Frinceton, intending to surprise the enemy at that 
place.* 

40. What inovemeut did Wasliiugton next make ? 

41. What force did he have at Trenton y State what occurred there on the 
evening of Jan. 2, 1777. 

4'Z. Describe the eituation in which Washington was placed. How did he 
extricate hiniijelf from tlie danger ? , 



* "To deceive the British, men wore employed to di^ trendies, others to k" the rounds 
relieve guards, and keep up the canip-lires. At daybreak they were to hasten to th 
army." 



78 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [177? 

43. At sunrise, January od, tlie van of his forces en. 
countered, near Princeton, a division of the British troops 
already on their march to join Cormvallis. At first the 
American militia gave way ; but Washington coming up 
with a select corps, turned tlie tide of battle and routed 
the enemy. The loss of the British in killed, wounded, 
and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the 
patriots did not exceed tliirty, but Gen. Mercer was 
among their mortally wounded.* 

44. Early in 1776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France 
to solicit aid.* Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Frank- 
lin and Arthur Lee. Though France liesitated to extend 
the aid solicited, the Marquis de Lafayette {lah-fd-ett') 
and other citizens of that country acted generously. At 
his own expense, Lafayette fitted out a vessel, and, in the 
spring of 1777, arrived in America. He joined the army 
as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after appointed 
a major-general. (See App., p. 70, topic 98.) 

45. Toward the close of April, Gen. Try '-on, late royal 
governor of New York, proceeded against Danbury, and 
after destroying the stores there, burned the town. On 
his retreat back to his shipping, he was harassed by the 
militia, commanded by Generals Wooster, Arnold, and 
Silliman. His loss, during the expedition, amounted to 
nearly three hundred men : that of the patriots was not 
so large, but Wooster was among their slain. 

46. Two small expeditions on the part of the Ameri- 
cans were successful. Col. Meigs, at the head of one, 
destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sag Har- 
bor ; and Col. Barton, at the head of the other, captured 

43. Give an ncconnt of tlie battle of Princeton. 

44. What c'flbrts were made to i?ecure the aid of Prance ? Success ? 

45. Give an account of Tryon's first expedition. Where is Danbury y (p. 2'.).) 

46. How did the Americans oftVet Tryon's wantonness ? 



* " His career as a <reneral had been .brief, but long enough to secure him a 
lasting renown. His name remains one of the consecrated names of the lievo- 
luiion." — Irviiiffs Wai<hiiujloa. 

t For Deane, sec App., p. 65. top'c 44. For Franklin, p. GG, topic 53. 



1717.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



79 



Pros- 




Gen. Prescott, tlie commander at Rhode Island, 
cott, in 1778, Avas exchanged for Lee. 

47. Washington's army was encamped at Morristown 
during the early part of 
1777; hut in the spring he 
removed to Middlebrook. 
Howe having failed to draw 
Washington from this latter 
place, and bring on an en- 
gagement, withdrew his 
troops to Staten Island, thus 
leaving the Americ^ms in 
complete possession of New 
Jersey. 

48. The British troops, to the number of eighteen tliou- 
sand men, then embarked on board the fleet of Lord 
Howe, and the vessels put to sea, leaving Clinton in com- 
mand of a large force at New York. The destination of 
the fleet being unknown to Washington, he remained for 
many days in painful uncertainty about it. 

49. At last the enemy's expedition was heard from. 
Their fleet had sailed up Chesapeake Bay, the troops liad 
l>een landed, and a march commenced against Philadeljjhia. 
Washington liastened to dispute the progress of the Brit- 
ish, and, with the main part oi' his army, took a position 
at Chad's Ford, on BrandyAvine Creek, where^ f^r> the 11th 
of September, a battle was fought. 

50. The enemy advanced in two divisions, and while 
one made a direct attac^k upon the left wing of tlie 
Americans, the other crossed the stream above, and un- 



Map QuKSTTONP.— WTicre is Paoli ? rharVs Forrl ? Germantown ? Fort Mor- 
ccrV Fort Mifflin ? Ro.rl Bank ? Valley Fortro ? Rcarlin?? 

47. What scheme didPIowe endeavor to carry out in New Jersey? What 
movement did he next make? 

48. What further ran von state of TTowe's movements ? 
4f). In what way did Washinijton try to save Philadelphia? 

49. 50. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 



80 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1777. 

GXpectcdly fell upon their right. The patriots defended 
themselves witli great valor, l)ut were at length forced 
to give Avay. The loss of the Americans, in killed, 
wonnded, and prisoners, amounted to twelve hundred 
men ; that of the British to about five hundred. Among 
the wounded was Lafayette. Pulaski [j'^u-las'-ke)^ a Po- 
lish nobleman, was also in the battle, doing brave ser- 
vice for the cause of liberty. (See p. 91, ^ 88.) 

51. Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadel- 
phia. The two armies again met, but a violent storm 
prevented a battle; and Gen. Wayne {loCuie) , ^\\\o had 
been detached with fifteen hundred men to hang ni)on 
the rear of Howe's army, was attacked at night near 
Paoli (pd-o'-le), and defeated. On the 26th Howe entered 
Philadelphia, but the main body of his army encamped 
at Germantown.* 

52. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the 
Americans held two forts on opposite sides of the Dela- 
ware, and thus commanded the river. Learning that a 
strong detachment of the British had left for their re- 
duction, Washington attacked the force remaining at 
Germantown, Oct. 4th ; but the patriots, although at 
first successful, were finally repulsed, with the loss of a 
thousand men. 

53. Both forts were attacked, Oct. 22d ; — Mercer, by a 
force of two thousand troops, under Count Do'-nop ; and 
Mifflin, by a number of frigates and other vessels. But 
the assailants were repulsed with heavy loss. Donop 
was mortally wounded, about five hundred Hessians and 
marines were killed or Avounded, and two large ships were 
destroyed. 

51. What next occiuTcd? Give an account of tlic battle of Paoli. Wiien 
did llowi! enter Pliiladelphia ? 

52. What inchiced Was'hin'j:t(in to go against the enemy at Germantown ? 
Give an account of the battle that followed. 

53. What took place on the '22d of Oct. ? Give an account of the operations. 

* G<M-mantown is now a part of Pliiladelphia. 
Note.— The United States ttaif was adopted in July of this year. See App. 
]). 70, topic I'Jl. 



1777.] THE AMEEICAN KEVOLUTION. 81 

54. On the 10th of Xovember a second attempt to re- 
duce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic de- 
fence of five days, during which the British kept up a 
destructive fire from a battery and also from their ships, 
the garrison evacuated the fort, and crossed to Red 
Bank. A force apj^earing before Fort Mercer soon after, 
it, too, was abandoned. 

55. During the winter of 1777-78, Washington's troops 
were quartered in huts at Valley Forge. The position, 
besides being easy of defence, enabled Washington to 
watch Howe's movements and protect his own military 
stores at Reading i^red'-ing). But the patriots suffered 
greatly from insufficient food, clothing, and shelter; and 
many of the officers resigned in consequence of not re- 
ceiving their pay.* (Read, also, topic 50, App., p. GG.) 

56. Burgoyxe's Ixyasiox. — During the early part of 
the summer of 1777, an army of ten thousand men, Brit- 
ish and German troops, Canadians and Indians, was fitted 
out in Canada for the invasion of the United States. 
The design of Gen. Burgoyne, the commander of this 
large force, was to effect a junction of his own army 
with another from New York, and thus cut off Washing- 
ton's communication with the Eastern States. 

57. After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne 
proceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned 
by three thousand men under Gen. St. Clair. St. Clair 
had determined upon a resolute defence, but discovering, 
to his dismay, that the enemy had erected batteries on 
Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he 
made a hasty retreat. (Read topic 15:3, App., p. 73.) 

54. Give an account of the ne::t attempt against Fort Mifflin. 

55. What can you btate of Wanhington'?- almy duiini/ th*; winter? 

56. Wliat invading army at the Isorth in 1777 '; Burgoyne's dei-ign ? 

57. First movemeutij of Burgoj-ne ? His success at Ticonderoga ? 

* •' That winter they lay on the ground. So scarce were blankets, that many 
were forced to sit up all ni^'ht by their fires. At one time more than a thousand 
soldiers had not a shoe To their feet. You could trace theii- march by the blood 
which their naked feet left in the \ce.'''—Th&j. Parker's Hutr/ric American^!. 



82 



THE AMEBICAN KEVOLUTION. 



[1777. 



58. The retreating army crossed over to Mount Inde- 
pendence, and took a road through the woods toward 

Fort Edward, the headquar- 
ters of Gen. Schuyler, who 
then commanded the Ameri- 
can forces at the North ; but, 
at Ilubbardton, the rear divi- 
sion was overtaken, on the 
morning of the 7th of July, 
and routed with considerable 
loss. The ammunition and 
stores, which had been sent 
by water, were also overtaken, 
and were destroyed. 

59. Schuyler, deeming his 
force inadequate to make a 
successful stand a«;^ainst the 
invaders, gradually fell back 
to the islands at the mouth 
of the Mohawk, Burgoyne 
reached the head of Lake 
Champlain, and thence his 
march to Fort Edward was 
slow and difficult, owing to 
the impediments which Schuy- 
ler had placed in his way, by 
destroying the bridges and 
felling immense trees across 
the roads. 

60. The story of the murder of Miss McCrea, about 
this time, excited wide-spread abhorrence, and had the 

Map Questions.— Where is Crown Point ? Ticondero?;a ? Mt. Defiance ? 
Mt. Independence ? Hubbardton ? Ft. Edward? Benninijton ? Stillwater? 
Albany ? Sarato<?a ? Into what river does the Mohawk flow ? 

58. Give the particulars of the disasters that followed St. Clair's retreat. 

.19. What retreat and advance next took place ? 

60. Relate the story in relation to Jane McCrca. 




1777.] THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. 83 

BiFect of greatly increasing the number of Schuyler's 
troops. The lady, it appeared, had been captured by 
gome Indians attached to Burgoyne's army, during a visit 
&he was making at the house of a friend ; and while they 
were conducting her to his camp, she met her death. 
Accounts differ as to how slie was killed ; but the savages 
brought her scalp into Burgoyne's camp, and the ophiion 
prevailed that they were her murderers.* 

61. Burgoyne had previously sent a detachment under 
Col. St. Leger {lej'-ei-) to capture Fort Schuyler. On 
reaching the place and finding it resolutely defended, St. 
Leger determined upon a siege. While this was in pro- 
gress. Gen. Her'-ki-mer, in advancing to the relief of the 
garrison, fell into an ambuscade, August 6th, and was de- 
feated, he being mortally wounded. At last the Indian 
allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold, who had been 
dispatched by Schuyler, was approaching with a large 
army, fled in great haste, and the siege was consequently 
abandoned. 

62. Burgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and 
finding himself in want of supplies, sent five hundred 
men, under Col. Baum {boum)^ to seize the stores which 
the Americans had collected at Bennington. Baum was 
met near Bennington by the New Hampshire militia, 
under Gen. Stark, and defe?ted ; and, on the same day, 
August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the 
aid of Baum, was also defeated. 

63. The reverses experienced by the British at Fort 
Schuyler and Bennington embarrassed the movements of 
Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his army. Ju?t 
then, when the Americans were in good force to confront 



61. Give the particulars of St. Lej^er's operations. Where was Fort Schuy- 
ler ? (Map, p. 38.) By what name is Herkimer's battle known '/ Ans. O-ris'-ka-ny. 

62. Give an account of the battle of Benninf,'ton. 

63. How did the reverses of the British affect them ? What chango in coui 
manders took place ? 

* See Appendix, page 75, topic 190, 



84 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1777. 

the enemy, General Gates, by act of Congress, was ap- 
pointed to succeed Schuyler. 

64. Gates advanced to Bem'-is Heights, near Stillwater, 
and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. On the 19th of Sept. 
was fought the first battle of Stillwater, sometimes called 
the battle of Bemis Heights, in which Arnold displayed 
great bravery. Both parties claimed the victory; but, 
though the British remained on the field of battle, their 
progress toward Albany was effectually checked. 

65. The two armies remained in sight of each other for 
more than two weeks. Burgoyne, in the mean time, 
strengthened his position, to await the co-operation of 
Clinton from New York ; but, at last, despairing of aid 
from that quarter, he determined, if possible, to cut his 
way through the American lines. This brought on, Oc- 
tober 7th, the second battle of Stillwater, often called the 
battle of Saratoga. (Read Note 6, end of Section.) 

66. After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the 
loss of the Britisli was severe, they were compelled to 
give way. Arnold again distinguished himself, though 
fighting without any assigned command, and was severely 
wounded. Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding 
himself so surrounded by the Americans that all chance 
of retreat was cut off', and being without provisions, on 
the 17th of October he surrendered his whole army, nura^- 
bering more than five thousand men, prisoners of war* 

67. Clinton, in the mean time, had ascended the Hudson 
as far as forts Clinton and Montgomery, arid captured 
both forts ; but instead of hastening to the co-operation 
of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- 

64. Give an account of the first battle of Stillwater. 

65. What positions! did the two armies then hold? ,What determination 
did Burjjoyne at las^t form? 

65. 66. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. Give an account 
of Burgovne's final movements and surrender. 

67. What had Clinton been doing meanwhile? What did the British do on 
hearing of Burgoyne's surrender ? 



* Read Note 7, end of Section. 



17T8.] THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. 85 

try. The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing 
of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and 
other forts ; and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kings- 
ton, returned to New York. 

68. In November of this year Articles of Confedera- 
Tiox for the government of the United States were adopted 
by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not 
being ratified by all the states till 1781, did not go into 
effect before that time. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 192.) 

69. Events of 1778. — The success of the Americans at 
Saratoga decided the negotiations which had been set on 
foot in 1776. France acknowledged the independence of 
the United States, and an alliance was concluded between 
the two nations. The French government at once fitted 
out a squadron, of which Count D'Estaing {des-tang') 
w^as given the command, and, about the middle of April, 
the fleet sailed for America. (Read topic 53, App., p. 66.) 

70. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender 
produced alarm ; a more conciliatory spirit began to pre- 
vail; and two bills, in keeping with this feeling, were 
passed by Parliament. Commissioners were sent to Amer- 
ica to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress re- 
fused to treat with them until Great Britain should with- 
draw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independ- 
ence of the United States. 

71. In the mean time, Gen. Howe having resigned his 
command. Gen. Clinton was appointed his successor ; and 
the British government, fearing for the safety of their 
army at Philadelphia, ordered Clinton to proceed to New 
York. In July D'Estaing arrived in Delaware Bay, but 



68. What is stated in relation to the Articles of Confederation ? 

69. What effect did Burj^oync's purrender have in France ? 

70. What effect did the surrender have in England? How did Congress re- 
colve the commissioners ? 

71. W'hat change In commanders was made? What instructions were sent 
to Clinton ? What escape did the British fleet malie ? 



86 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [ITTS. 



not ill time to capture the British fleet, as Lord Howe 
had sailed a few days before. ^ 

72. On the 18th of June Clinton evacuated Philadel- 
phia, and commenced his march through New Jersey to 
New York. The Americans gave pursuit ; and at Mon'- 
mouth, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was 
fought. In the early part of the conflict Lee's division 
fell back, and was in full retreat just as Washington 
came up. Lee was rebuked by the commander-in-chief, 
and directed to assist in further operations : he complied, 
and, during the rest of the battle, displayed both faith- 
fulness and courage. 

73. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the 
engagement was indecisive, the advantage was with the 
Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to 
renew the contest on the following morning ; but Clin- 
ton silently departed before dawn. The loss of the Brit- 
ish in the battle and by desertions during the march, 
amounted to flfteei^ hundred men. The patriots lost 
more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex- 
cessive heat and fatigue of the day. 

74. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke 
which he had received, he addressed two disrespectful 
letters to Washington. For this disrespect and his con- 
duct on the battle-field, he was tried by a court-martial, 
found guilty, and sentenced to be suspended from command 
for one year. He, however, never rejoined the army, but, 
just before the close of the war, died in Philadelphia. 

75. A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan 
was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode 
Island, where, under Gen. Pig'-ot, they had established a 

72. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth. 

73. Give the result and consequences of the battle. Where is Monmouth? 
CMap, p. 43.) Morristown ? 

74. What offensive course did Lee take ? Give an account of the trial and 
consequeuces. 



17 78. J THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. 87 



military depot. Tempted by tlie liope of a victory, 
D'Estaing sailed from Newport to meet Lord Howe, who 
liad heard of Pigot's danger and hastened to his relief; 
but a furious storm having disabled the two fleets just 
as they were about to engage, he returned to Newport, 
and soon after departed for Boston, to repair his ships. 

76. Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew 
to the northern ])art of the island ; and, being followed 
by the enemy, an engagement took place, August 29th, 
resulting in a loss of over two hundred on each side, and 
in the repulse of the British. Learning that a fleet with 
troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan gained 
the mainland just in time to avoid being intercepted l>y 
Clinton. 

77. An expedition, commanded by Gen. Grey, commit- 
ted great destruction at New Bedford and other jjlaces ; 
but no, acts of the enemy during the entire war were con- 
sidered more atrocious than those of which they yvere 
guilty at Wy-o'-ming, in Pennsylvania, and Cherry Val- 
ley, in New York, 

78. Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, 
under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of Wyoming, 
spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a 
body of the inhabitants who had marched against them. 
In November a party of the same mixed charar-tcr fell 
upon the settlement of Cherry \'alley, and killed or ear- 
ned into captivity many of the settlers. 

79. Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an ex- 
pedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col, 



7.5. What enterprife was planned for D'Estainj,' and Sullivan ? Give an ac- 
count, of T)'EstaiML'"s movomontH. 

76. Oiv(j an account of the land battle and Sullivan's movements. By what 
name is that battle known ? Jnx. Quaker Hill, or Bait'n Hill. 

7 7. What account can you f^ive or(Jrey'f expedition ? 

77. 78. Give an account of tlie " Mas^sacre of Wyominj,'." AIpo oi the at- 
tack upon Cherr" Valley. Where i« Wyomint^? (Map. p. 3.S.) Chem VelJey ? 

79. What expedition was sent ajjainst Georgia? What did the fintisb 'rtC- 
complish in Georgia ? 



88 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1T79. 



Campbell, its commander, proceeded against Savannah, 
then defended by a small force under Gen. Robert Howe, 
and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. The 
Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse- 
quence. Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and 
was retained by them till 1783. 

80. Events of 1779. — At the beginning of 1779 only 
one post in Georgia, that of Sunbury, remained in pos- 
session of the Americans. This was captured on the 9th 
of January by Gen. Pre-vost', who had arrived with troops 
from Florida. Assuming the command of the British 
forces in the South, Prevost ordered Campbell to occupy 
Augusta, his object being to encourage the tories in that 
region to join the royal standard. 

81. The tories along the western frontiers of the Caroli- 
nas were thus induced to organize themselves into a body, 
with Col. Boyd in command. They then marched to- 
vv^ard the Savannah, committing great devastation and 
cruelties as they proceeded ; but, at Kettle Creek, Feb. 
14th, they were attacked by a force of Carolina militia, 
under Col. Pickens, and utterly defeated. Boyd was* 
among the slain. 

82. Encouraged by this success, Gen. Lincoln, then in 
command of the American forces at the South, sent Gen. 
Ashe {as/() to aid in driving the enemy from Augusta. 
The patriots having concentrated a force opposite that 
town, Campbell fled. Ashe pursued, but at Brier Creek, 
March 3d, he was surprised by Prevost, and defeated, 
losing nearly his whole army by death, caj^tivity, and 
dispersion. 

83. Learning that a body of British troops was sta- 



80. What did the "British accomplish in Georffia. in January, 1799? 

81. Give an account of Bovd's operations and defeat. 

82. Give an account of Ashe's operations and defeat. 

83. Of Lincohi's operations and defeat. Of the disasters atthe North. 
Where is Stony Point ? (Map, p. 38.) Verpkinck's Point ? 



1'3"3'9.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



89 



tioned at Stono Ferry, ten miles from Charleston, Lincoln 
determined to drive the enemy from a position so menacing 
to the city. Accordingly the attempt was made, June 20th, 
but, after a severe engagement, the Americans were re- 
pulsed. Disaster, too, attended the patriotic cause at the 
North. Tryon made two more expeditions against Connec- 
ticut, and Clinton captured Stony Point and Yerplanck's 
Point. 



G- ^Jt 



no-nV-^ 



QUiltsboro 

leighY 










Sui 






atson ) /' 



at flic 

CAROLINAS 

10 30 60_.., 



Tt.^Vatson 






ibury 'i^ ^^ ^ 



84. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, 
planned an attack to be conducted by Wayne.* At mid- 

Map Qukstions.— What State is on tlie Sourh of Virgin'a ? On tlie South of 
North Carolina ? On the south and west of South Carolina? Where iri Savan- 
nali? Sunbury? Auji;usta? MonlcV Corner? Ninety-six? Rocky Mount? 
Hanging,' Rock V King's Mountain ? Cowpens? Guilford Court Houpc? Wil- 
mington? Camden? Hoblcirk't^ Hill ? Eutaw SprinL't^ ? Into what river doeg 
Brier Creek now ? Waxhaw Creek? Sanders Creek? Catawba R. ? Yadkiu 
R. ? Dan R. ? 



"* Gen. Charles Lee. when he heard of Wayne's achievement, wrote to him as 
follows : "I do most sincerely declare that your assault on Stony Point is not 
only the most brilliant, in my opinion, tlirongliout the u hole course of the war, 
on either side, but that it is the nioi>t brilliant I am acquaiulcd with in history," 



90 THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. [1779. 

night, on tlie lotli of July, tlie Americans, in two columns, 
forced their way into the fort from opposite sides, and, 
meeting in the centre of the works, the garrison surren- 
dered at discretion. The entire loss of the patriots in this 
brilliant success, achieved at the point of the bayonet and 
"Vvithout firing a gun, was fifteen killed and eighty-three 
wounded. Tlie enemy lost upward of six hundred in 
killed and prisoners. 

85. About a month after (Aug. 19), another brilliant 
exploit crowned the efforts of the patriots. The British 
post at Paulns (jxcw'-lus) Hook, in New Jersey, opposite 
the city of New York, was surprised at night by Major 
Lee, and one hundred and fifty of the garrison were made 
prisoners. 

86. Sullivan, who had been sent against the Indians 
of Western New York to check their depredations and 
avenge the " Massacre of Wyoming," Avas completely 
successful. He defeated a body of Indians and tories in 
the battle of the Chemung {she-mimg')^ August 29th, and 
then destroyed forty Indian villages, and a vast amount 
of corn. 

87. In September an obstinate engagement took place 
ofi* the eastern coast of England, between a small squad- 
ron of French and American vessels, commanded by Puul 
Jones, and two British frigates. It lasted from seven till 
ten at night, when both frigates surrendered.* 

88. D'Estaing, as has been stated, sailed from Rhode 
Island to Boston, Thence he went to the West Indies. 
In September, 1779, he appeared before Savannah, and 
prepared to co-operate with Lincoln for the recovery of 



84. Give an account of the battle of Stony Point. 

85. Of the exploit at Panhis Hook. Where was Paulas Hook? 

86. Give an account of Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. "Where 
wasChemune:? (Map. p. 38.) 

87. Of Paul Jones's remarkahle naval battle. 

88. Of the operations and failure of D'Estaing and Lincoln. 

* Sec Appendix, page 69, topic Sj. 



1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 91 

the town. On the 9tli of October, after a siege of about 
three weeks, a disastrous assault was made. Among 
those who fell was the gallant Count Pulaski. (P. 80, ^ 50.) 

89. EvEXTS OF 1780. — The principal military operations 
of 1780 were carried on in the Carolinas. Clinton, with 
a fleet commanded by Ar'-buth-not, having sailed from 
New York to the South, appeared before Charleston in 
February, pnd, on the 1st of April, commenced a regular 
siege. The forces defending the city were commanded 
by Lincoln. 

90. While the siege was in progress, an American corps, 
stationed at Monk's Corner to keep open a communica- 
tion between the city and the interior, was surprised by 
Col. Tarletcn {tarl'-tun) and put to flight. On the 12th 
of 3Iay, after a heroic defence of about forty days, Lincoln 
surrendered; and six thousand prisoners fell into the hands 
of the British. 

91. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as 
Clinton contemplated, expeditions were sent into the inte- 
rior. One of these captured the post of Ninety-Six ; and 
another, commanded by Tarleton, pursued a body of 
troops, under Col. Buford {bu'-furd). At Wax'-haw 
Creek, Tarleton overtook the patriots, and, falling upon 
them impetuously, massacred or maimed nearly every man. 

92. Clinton, believing South Carolina to be subdued, 
sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war 
into North Carolina and Virginia ; but Generals Sumter 
and Marion {mar'-e-i(n), and other patriot leaders, by their 
partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit of freedom at 
the South.* Though Sumter met with a repulse at Pocky 

89. How were the operations of 1780 commenced ? 

90. Give an account of the battle of Plonk's Corner. 

89, 90. Give an account of the siefre and surrender of Charleston. 

91. What post in South Carolina did the British then capture? Gi\e an 
account of Tarleton's success and inhumanity. 

92. At this sta^e what course did Clinton pursue ? What can you state ol 
the dointrs of Sumter and Marion ? 

93. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 

* Read Note 8, end of Setion— Marion's Dinner of Sweet Potatoes; also 
topic 10;^, App., p. 70. For Sumter, see topic 154, App., p. 73. 



92 THE AMEEICAN REVOLUTION. [l-JSO. 



Mount, yet at Hanging Kock, only a week after, he gained 
a decided victory.* 

93. On tiie IGth of August occurred the battle of San- 
ders Creek. Gen. Gates, who had been appointed by 
Congress to succeed Lincoln in the command at tlie 
South, advanced against the British, and was met by 
Cornwallis a short distance from Camden. After a des- 
perate contest, the American regulars, being deserted by 
the militia, were forced to retreat, with a loss of about a 
thousand men. De Kalb, mortally wounded, was taken 
prisoner. (See Appendix, p. 6G, topic 49.) 

94. Gates's defeat let loose the enemy against Sumter, 
who, at Fishing Creek, two days after, was surprised by 
Tarleton, and routed with great slaugnter. Believing 
South Carolina lo be at last subdued, Cornwallis pro- 
ceeded to oven-un North Carolina, detaching Major Fer- 
<:»-uson to precede him. Large numbers of tories joined 
the detachment during its marcii. 

95. The excesses of which Ferguson's troops were 
guilty so exasperated the inhabitants, mat a hastily- 
formed force, under Col. Campbell, attacked them at 
King's Mountain, Oct. 7th, and killed Ferfruson and one 
hundred and fifty of his men. The remamder. number- 
ing more than eight liundred, surrendered The loss of 
the Americans was only twenty. 

96. Arnold's Treason. — The year 1780 is particularly 
memorable for the " Treason of Arnold.^' In 1778, after 
the British had evacuated Philadelphia, Arnold was put 
in command of that cit}^ Here he lived at an expense 
beyond his income, and, to meet the demands of his cred- 
itors, appropriated public funds to his own use. Charges 

94. "^Hiat di?asTer was a sequel to that of Sanders CreeK ? What did Corn- 
wallis proceed to do then r 

94.' 95. Give an account of the battle of Kine's Mountam. 

96. For what is the vear 1780 particularly remarkable ? How was Arnold 
ied to take the stcn in treasoc > 



=*= See App., pasre 70, topic 10:} ^Marion) ; also App., p. 73, topic 1.54 (Sumter), 



1780.1 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



93 



were preferred against him, and, in conformity with the 
decision of the court, he was reprimanded by Washing- 

ton. He felt the disgrace, and 

determined to wreak his ven- 
geance. (ISTote 6, end of Sec.) 

97. Having secured the com- 
mand of West Point, he offered, 
by means of a correspondence 
which he had carried on sevei:al 
months, to betray it into the 
hands of Clinton. Major An'-dre, 
aid-de-camp to Clinton, was sent 
to finish the plan of treason and 
adjust the traitor's recompense. 
Andre proceeded up the Hud- 
son, and at a place six miles be- 
low West Point, met Arnold, 
and completed the bargain. 

98. Instead of returning by water, as had been pre- 
viously arranged, Andre Avas compelled by circumstances 
to cross to the east side of the Hudson and proceed by 
land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by three 
militiamen, — Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart, — who 
conducted him to North Castle, the nearest military sta- 
tion of the Americans. (Read Note 9, end of Section.) 

99. The commander at North Castle, having no suspi- 
cion of Arnold's base design, wrote to that officer, inform- 
ing him of the arrest of Andre. The traitor, startled and 
alarmed upon reading the letter, escaped on board the 
British sloop-of-war Vulture, the vessel Avhich had been 




N E W _ 

ANDPC HUN a 

JERSEY 



Map Questions.— Where is Stonv Point ? Verplanck's Point? West Point? 
Tarrytown ? Tappan ? Where was Fort Indepenrlence ? Fort Clinton ? 

97. Tn what way did Arnold proceed ? What further account can you jrive ? 

98. State how Arnold's design was frustrated. Where is North Castle? 
(Map. p. 39.) 

99. What act of stupidity did the commander at North Castle commits 
What was the consequence ? 



9-1 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1781. 

intended for Andre's return, and took refuge in New 
York. (See Appendix, p. 02, to])ic 5.) 

100. Andre was conveyed to Tappan (/(y;)-/.>(/?/;i'), a vil- 
lage on the west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, 
and was there tried by a court-martial, found guilty, and, 
agreeably to tlie laws and usages of nations, executed as 
a spy.* Arnold was made a brigadier-general in the Brit- 
ish service. (See Appendix, p. 03, topic 9.) 

101. Events of 1781, and to the beginning of Wash- 
ingtoii's Adniinistration. — During the winter of 1780-1, 
great dissatisfaction existed among the troops of Wash- 
ington's army, because they had not been paid for several 
months, and were not provided with sufficient clothing 
and provisions. This feeling increasing among the Penn- 
sylvania troops, owing to a dispute about the term of their 
enlistment, they left their camp at Morristown, on the 
first day of 1781, to seek redress of Congress. 

102. On the march toward I*hiladelphia, they were 
overtaken by two emissaries of Clinton, whom they 
seized and conducted to Gen. Wayne, to be treated as 
spies. At Princeton they were met by a committee of 
Congress, who satisfied their pressing wants, and thus 
suppressed the revolt. This mutiny, and another among 
the New Jersey troops, which was speedily quelled by 
military power, quickened Congress to act for the relief 
of the army. 

103. Taxation was resorted to, an agent was sent to 
Europe for aid, and other measures were adopted. Kobert 
Morris, aT'Iio had been appointed superintendent of the 
national treasury, was very active in the discharge of his 
duties ; and, by the financial aid which he rendered, en- 



1 00. What further can you state of Andre and Arnold ? 

101. What alarming event marked the opening of 1781? 

102. (iive an account of the mutiny. Of a second mutiny, and what fol- 
lowed. Wltere is Morrif-town ? ^Map, p. 17.^ Princeton? 

103. State what measures were adopted by Congress. 

* Read, in connection with the arrest and execution of Andre, the case of 
Nathan Hall, for which see topic GG, App.. p. GT. 



1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 



abled Congress to prosecute the war. Ui^oii his recom- 
mendatioii the Bank of North America was established at 
a later period, and this institution proved of great service 
during the rest of the contest. 

104. Gates, hi consequence of his defeat at Sanders 
Creek, was superseded in the command by Gen, Greene, 
who at once sent Gen. Morgan to check the devastations 
^f the British in South Carolina. At the Cow'-pens, on the 
17th of January, Tarleton overtook Morgan ; but, after a 
severe battle, the British were completely routed, losing 
about eight hundred men, while the loss of the Americans 
did not exceed eighty. (Read topic 60, App., p. 67.) 

105. Morgan, after his victory, hurried off in a north- 
easterly direction ; and Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarle- 
ton's defeat, started in pursuit, and reached the Ca-taw- 
ba, at evening, .on the 29th, just two hours after the 
Americans had forded the river. He halted, intending 
to cross in the morning, but, during the night, a heavy 
rain set in, and, by daybreak, the stream was so swollen 
as to be impassable. (Read topic 110, App., \y. 71.) 

106. Here, on the east side of the Catawba, Greene 
came to the aid of Morgan, and, taking the command, 
continued the retreat. At the Yad'-kin the Americans 
were again favored by a rain-storm ; and, after they crossed 
the Dan, Cornwallis gave up the j)ursuit. 

107. In a few days Greene recrossed the Dan into 
North Carolina. Receiving re-enforcement, which in- 
creased his army to over four thousand men, he no longer 
avoided a battle. At Guilford i^ghiV -furd) Court House, 
where he had taken a position, he was attacked on the 
loth of March. The result, though unfavorable to the 

104. What was the consequence to Gates of his defeat at Sanders Creek? 
Give an account of the battle of the Cowpcns. ' • 

105. 106. Give an account of the memorable retreat and pursuit through 
North Carolina. 

107. What movement and battle soon after took place ? Give an account, 
of the battle and its.j;onsequeuces. 



96 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1781 



Americans, left Cornwallis in such a disabled condition 
that, three days alter, he retreated from the lield of vic- 
tory, taking the road to Wilmington, (XoteG, endof Sec.) 

108. Greene rallied his forces, and for several days pur- 
sued Cornwallis ; but not being able to overtake him, ad- 
vanced into South Carolina to attack the enemy at Cam- 
den. At Ilobkirk's Hill, two miles from that ])lace, Lord 
Kawdon partly surprised him on the 25th of April. The 
struggle was waged with varied fortune, but at length a 
regiment of the Americans breaking, the patriots were 
forced to retreat. (For Greene, read top. 04, App., p. 67.) 

109. The battle of Eutaw (u-tmo) Springs, fought on 
the Sth of September, between Greene and Stuart, closed 
the contest in the Carolinas. This Avas a desperate en- 
gagement, and at one time victory seemed certain for the 
Americans ; but the British rallying, Greene drew oii' his 
troo])s, taking with him about fiv^e hundred prisoners. 

110. Cornwallis proceeded from Wilmington to Vir- 
ginia, wliere, during the summer, his operations were very 
distressing to the patriotic inhabitants. To Lafayette 
M-as intrusted the defence of Virginia, but, owing to the 
inferiority of his force, he was not able to make a stand 
against tlie enemy. In August, Cornwallis concentrated 
his forces at Yorktown, and at once began to strengllien 
his position by fortifications. 

111. Li the mean time Washington had made prepara- 
tions by which a large force of French troops, co-operating 
with another of Americans, was to make an attack for 
the recovery of New York. On learning, however, that 



1 08. What hold movement did Greene then make ? Give an account of the 
battloofllohUirk'sIIill. 

109. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Sprinc:?. 

110. What movement did Connvailis make after leaving Wilminirton ? 
What is paid of Lafavette's eflbrts ? What position did Cornwallis linally bc- 
)ect and fortifv ? Wliere is Yorktown ? (Map, p. 126.) Into what water docs tho 
James Hiver llow ? The York River ? 

111. What extensive preparations had Washington in the mean time made ? 
Why did he alter his design ? 



1781.1 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



97 



a French fleet would soon arrive in tlie Chesaj)eake, 
Wasliington was induced to cliange liis desii^n, and pro- 
ceed against Corn wall is. 

112. But while continuing preparations, as if against 
Clinton at New York, AVashington actually began his 
march for Yorklown ; consequently, before Clinton be- 
came aware of the real intentions of the American com- 
mander, the French and American troops were well on 
their way to Virginia. 

113. It being too late to adopt any direct measures fcr 
the aid of Cornwall is, Clinton under- 
took to recall Washington, l)y hurry- 
ing off an expedition under Arnold 
against New London. Fort Griswold 
made a brave defence, but was finally 
carried by assault. Col. Led'-yard, its 
commander, was murdered with his 
own sword, after yielding it up, and 
many of the garrisoji were also slaughtered. The town 
was reduced to ashes. (Read topic 9, App., ]). G'-i.) 

114. Arnold's expedition failed to recall Washington, 
and Yorktown was soon invested with a large land force, 
while the French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse 
{(/vas), blockaded the York and James rivers. On the 
9th of October, the allied armies commenced a cannonade 
so heavy that in a day or two most of the works of the 
British were demolished. At length, on the 19th, finding 
liis position untenable, and seeing no prospect of relief, 
Cornwallis surrendered the pla(;e, with more than seven 
thousand soldiers, to Washington, and his shipping and 
seamen to De Grasse. 

115. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicing 




NE# LONDON AND 
VK'INITY. 



1 1 2. State how Clinton became deceived. 

113. What counterplot did Cornwallis adopt ? IIow did Arnold execute the 
part asKif^nod him ? 

114. Give aa account of the siesre and surrender of Yorktown . 



98 THE AJNIERICAN REVOLUTION. ri782. 

througliout the United States, being considered a death- 
blow to the "war. In Enghxnd, public opinion, in conse- 
quence, became so decidedly opposed to the furtlier pros- 
ecution of liostilities, that negotiations were entered into 
for the establishment of peace. 

116. On the oOth of November, 1782, a preliminary 
treaty was signed at Paris by commissioners from the two 
governments, those from the United States being John 
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. 
On the 19th of April, 1783, a cessation of hostilities was 
proclaimed in the American army ; and on the 3d of Sep- 
tember following, a definitive treaty was signed at Paris. 

117. By the terms of the treaty, Great J>ritain acknow- 
ledged the independence of tlie United States, and the 
boundaries were fixed at the great lakes on the north and 
the Mississippi on the west. She also conceded the right 
to fisli on th« Banks of Xewfoundland. Florida was re- 
turned to Spain. (See Appendix, p. GG, topic 54.) 

118. At the close of the war tlie government was una- 
ble to meet the just claims of its creditors, and the conse- 
quence was general discontent, particularly among the 
ofiicers and privates of the army. Tlirough the infiuence 
of Washington the ill-feeling among the troops was al- 
layed ; and Congress afterward granted fi^'c years' whole 
pay to tlie ofiicers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 
1780, half-pay for life. Four months' Avhole pay was 
granted to the privates. 

119. By order of Congress, the army was disbanded on 
tlie od of November, 1783. On the 25th of the same 
month New York was evacuated by tlie British ; and in 
December following, Washington, " with a heart full of 



1 1 .5. What was the effect in America and Encrland ? 

1 IG. What steps were taken for the establishment of peace ? 

117. What terin^* of the treaty are mentioned ? 

118. In what condition did the close of the war find the national llnances ? 
How were the troubles with tiie army healed ? 

Note.— For Franklin, see Appendix, page GG, topic 53. 



Progress! v^e Map ISTo. 2. 



3 2 Lon^ . fcam 8 7 Gxee nwick 82 




Kcisl(»rihr Mississippi 
AT THE CLOSE/REVOI^JTIO^. 



Lody iVrf.'i Wasliv'tii it 






l-yS?.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 

love and gratitude," took leave of his officers at that city, 
lie then repaired to An-nap'-o-lis ; and there, on the 2;3d 
of December, in a simple and impressive address, resigned 
to Congress his commission as commander-in-chief On 
the following day he reached his home at Mount Vernon * 

120. It was found that, by the Airrici.ES or Confedeii- 
ATioN, under which the United States liad existed since 
1781, Congress had no power to raise money and ])ay the 
debts incurred by the war. The individual States were 
therefore called upon for funds ; l>ut their efforts to raise 
them by direct taxation produced great op])Osition, espe- 
cially in Massacliusetts, where it grew to an open insur- 
rection, known as Shays's Ilebellion. Tliis, however, was 
suppressed in 1787. (See x\ppendix, j). 70, topic 192.) 

121. Tliis rebellion and other causes convinced the ])eo- 
ple that a more powerful general government was needed. 
Accordingly, a national convention was held at Phila- 
delphia, with Washington as i)resident, and after four 
montlis' deliberation, the Constitution was adopted, Sep- 
tember 17th, 1787. After being ratified by the requisite 
number of States, though not without great opposition, it 
went into operation on the 4t]i of March, 1789. j 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

17G5. Parliament passed the Stamp Act March 8. 

The Colonial Congress met in New York Oct. 7. 

1700. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act March 18. 

1707. A Ijill taxing tea, glass, pai)er, etc., was passed Tune 29. 

1708. A body of British troops arrived at Boston Sept. 27. 

1770. Allray, known as the " Boston Massacre," oecurred . March 5. 

119. Name Pome of the clopinfr Bccncs of the war. To what place did 
Washintrtoi) then [ro ? Where is Mount Vernon ? (Ma)), p. 126.) Annapolis ? 

1 20. Pcaee heinj,' established, what embarrassments beset Con^'ress 'i What 
measure for niiief was adopted ? Give an account of Shays's Rebellion. 

121. To what conviction did Shays's rebellion and other causes lead ? State 
what followed, 

* Read Note 10, end of Section. 

t See Appendix, paj^e 9 ; and note;, Appciidi.x, pajje 11. 



100 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

1773. The tea in Boston liarbor was thrown overboard. . . .Dec. 16. 

1774. The Boston Port Bill was passed by Parliament. . .March 31. 
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. . Sept. o. 

1775. The war commenced with the battle of Lexington. .April 19. 

Allen and Arnold captured Ticonderoga May 10. 

Washington was elected commander-in-chief June 15. 

The battle of Bunker Hill occurred June 17. 

Montreal surrendered to Montgomery Nov. 13. 

Montgomery was defeated and slain at Quebec Dec. 31. 

1776. Boston was evacuated by the British troops IMarch 17. 

The British w^ere repulsed at Ft. Moultrie, Charleston. June 28. 
Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. . .July 4. 

The Americans were defeated on Long Island Aug. 27. 

Washington was defeated at White Plaius Oct. 28. 

The British cajitured Fort Washington Nov. 16. 

Washingtim took a thousand prisoners at Trenton.. .Dec. 26. 

1777. Washington gained a victory at Princeton Jan. 3. 

Tryon made an expedition against Connecticut April 26. 

Meigs destroyed British property at Sag Harbor.. . .May 23. 
Burgoyne commenced his invasion of New York.. . .June 16. 

Ticonderoga fell into the hands of Burg()3^ne July 5. 

The Americans were defeated at llubbardton July 7. 

Prescott was captured by Barton at Rhode Island. . .Jul}' 10. 

Fort Schuyler was besieged by St. Leger Aug. 3. 

Herkimer was defeated at Oriskany Aug. 6. 

Stark defeated Baum at Bennington Aug. 16. 

Howe defeated AVashington at Brandy wine Sept. 11. 

The battle of Bemis Heights was fought Sept. 19. 

Grey defeated Wayne at Paoli Sept. 20. 

Howe took possession of Philadelphjja Sept. 26. 

The British repulsed the Americans at Germantown. .Oct. 4. 
The British captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery. . Oct. 6. 

The battle of Saratoga was fought Oct. 7. 

Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates Oct. 17. 

The British were repulsed at Fts. Mercer and MifHin.Oct. 22. 
Am. army went into winter-quarters at Valley Forge. Dec. 11. 

1778. France acknowledged the independence of the U. S. . . Feb. 6. 
The British, under Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia June 18. 

Washington defeated Clintcm at ]Monmouth June 28. 

The battle and massacre at Wyoming occurred July 3, 4. 

Sullivan defeated the British at Quaker Hill, R. I.. . .Aug. 29. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 101 

1778. Tories and Indians massacred people at Cherry V'y Nov. 11. 
Campbell captured Savannah Dec. 29. 

1779. Tlie British, under Prevost, captured Suubury Jan. 9 

Pickens defeated Boyd at Kettle Creek Feb. 14. 

Prevost surprised and defeated Ashe at Brier Creek. March 3. 

The British repulsed Lincoln at Stono Ferry June 20. 

The Americans, under Wayne, captured Stony Point. July 15. 
The British garrison at Paulus Hook was captured. .Aug. 19. 
Sullivan made an expedition against the Indians. Aug., Sept, 
Paul .Jones gained a victory off the coast of England. Sept. 23. 
D'Estaing and Lincoln were reoulsed at Savannah Oct. 9. 

1780. Charleston was besieged by the British April and May. 

Tarleton defeated the Americans at Monk's Corner. April 14. 

Lincoln surrendered Charleston to Clinton May 12. 

Tarleton defeated Buford at Waxhaw Creek May 29. 

Cornwallis defeated Gates at Sanders Creek Aug. IG. 

Tarleton routed Sumter at Fishing Creek Aug. 18. 

Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British. 

Andre was executed as a spy, at Tappan Oct. 2. 

Ferguson was defeated and slain at King's Mt Oct. 7. 

1781. The Pennsylvania troops revolted Jan. 1. 

Morgan defeated Tarleton at the Cowpens Jan. 17. 

The New Jersey troops revolted Jan. 18. 

Cornwallis pursued ^Morgan and Greene .Ian., Feb. 

The Articles of Confederation were ratified by the States. 

Cornwallis defeated Greene at Guilford C. H March 15. 

Rawdon defeated Greene at Hobkirk's Hill April 25. 

Arnold made an expedition against New London Sept. 6. 

The battle and massacre at Ft. Griswold occurred Sept. 6. 

The battle of Eutaw Springs was fought Sept. 8. 

Yorktown was besieged by Americans and French . . Sept. 30. 
Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown Oct. 19. 

1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. . .Nov. 30. 

1783. Savannah was evacuated by the British July IL 

A definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris Sept. 3. 

The American army was disbanded Nov. 3. 

New York w^as evacuated by the British Nov. 25. 

Charleston w^as evacuated by the British Dec. 14. 

Washington resigned his commission to Congress. . .Dec. 23 

1787. Shays's Rebellion occurred in ^Massachusetts. 

Convention at Philadelphia adopted Const, of U. S..Sept. 17. 



102 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

* The aeterisk indicates the successful parly, t Doubtful. 



1775. 
Ajjiil 19, 
.Tune 17, 
Dec. 31, 

1776. 
June 2S, 
Aug. 27, 
Ucl 2S, 
Nov. 16, 
Dec. 26, 

1777. 
Jan. 3, 
July 7, 
Aug. 6, 
Au£. 16, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 19, 
Sei>t. 20, 
Oot. 4, 

Oct. 6, -j 

Oct 7, 

Oct. 22, -j 

Nov. 16, 

177S. 
June 28, 
July 3, 
Aug. 29, 
Dec. 29, 

1779. 
Feb. 14, 
March 3, 
June 20, 
July 15, 
Aug. 13, 
" 19, 
Aug. 29, 
Sept. 23, 
Oct. 9, 

17S0. 
April 14, 
Mav 12, 
May 29, 
June 23, 
July 80, 
Aui. 6, 
Aug. 16, 
Aug. 18, 
Oct. 7, 

17S1. 
Jan. 17, 
March 15, 
April 25, 
Sept. 6, 
Sept. 8, 
Oct. 19, 



Lexington 

Bunker Hill 

Quebec 

Fort Moultrie 

Long Island 

"White Plains 

Fort Washington. 
Trenton 

Princeton 

Hubbardton 

Oriskanyt 

Bennington 

Brandy^vine 

Bcniis Heights. .. 

Paoli 

Gt'rninnto\vn 

Fort Clinton 

Fort Montgomery 

Siiratoga 

Fort Mercer 

FortMiffliu 

FortMitUin 

Moninouih 

Wyoming 

Rhode Island 

Savannah 

Kettle Creek 

Brier Creek 

Stono Ferry 

Stony Point 

Penobscot 

Paulus Hook 

Chemung 

Flamboro' Head . 
Savannah 

Monk's Corner 

Charleston 

Wa.xl)a\v 

Springfield, N. J. 

Rocky Mount 

Hanging Rock 

San iers Creek 

Fishing Creek 

King's Mountain., 

Covvpens , 

Guilford C. H.... 
Hobklrk's Hill..., 

Fort Griswold 

Euta\v Springat.., 
Yorktown , 



C0M.MANDEK8. 



Parker 

Prescolt 

Montgomery.. 



Moultrie* . . . 

Putnam 

McDougall .. 

Magaw 

"Washington*. 

"W'ashington*. 

AVarner 

Herkimer 

Stark* 

"Washington.. 

Gates* 

Wayne 

Washington.. 
Jas. Clinton. ) 
Gov. Clinton J 

Gates* 

Col. Greene*. 
Col. Smith* . 
Major Thayer 



Washington* 
Col. Z. Butler 
Sullivan* .... 
Robert Howe 



Pickens* . . . . 

Ashe 

Lincoln 

Wayne* 

Lovell....... 

Major Lee* . . 
Sullivan*.... 

Paul Jones*.. 
Lincoln 



linger 

Lincoln .. . 

Buford 

Greene* . . . 
Sumter ... 
Sumter*. . . 

Gates 

Sumter 

Campbell*. 



British. 



Smith* 

Gen. Howe* 
Carleton* . . 



Parker 

Gen. Howt 

Leslie* 

Gen. Ilowt 
Rahl 



Mawhood 

Fraser* 

St. Leger 

Baum 

Gen. Howe* . . 

Burgoyne 

Grey* 

Gen. Howe* .. 

Sir II. Clinton* 

Burgoyne . . 

Donop' 

Gen. Howe. 
Gen. Howe^ 



Clinton 

John Butler* 

Pigot 

Campbell* .. 



Boyd 

Prev(.st*... 
Maitland*.. 
Jt)hnson •. . 
McLean* . . 
Sutherland 

Brant 

Pearson . . . 
Prevost*.. . 



Tarleton*.... 

Clinton* 

Tarleton* 

Knvphausen. 
Turnbull* ... 

Brown 

Cornwallis*. , 

Tarleton* 

Ferguson 



Morgan* Tarleton 

Greene Corn wall is*. . 

Greene Rawdon* 

Ledyard Eyre* 

Greene Stuart 

Washington*..' Cornwullis. . . 



MEN ENOAQED. 



Am'ncn [ British. 



90« 



400 

10,000 

l,6uO 

3.000 

2.400 



3,000 

700 

1,000 

2,000 

11.000 
2,500 
1,500 

11,000 

COO 

8,000 
450 

400 
400 



12,000 

400 

5,000 

900 



300 
1,200 

800 
1,200 

900 

350 

4,000 

luadr'n 

4,500 



3,700 
400 

8,000 
600 
600 

3,000 
700 
900 



900 
4,400 
1,200 

150 
2.000 
16,000 



700 
1,800 
1,200 

600 
3,000 

250 

1.500 

2 ve.sseJH 

2,900 



BEVIEW QUESTIONS. 103 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What principle of taxation did the colonists contend for ? 65, G7 

2. Of what British legislation did tlie colonists first complain ? , tJo 

3. Give the history of the Stamp Act 6G 

4. Give the history of the next measure of Parliament 66, 67 

5. State all you can of the tea tax, and the " Tea Party" 66, 67 

6. State what you can in relation to the Boston Port Bill 67, 68 

7. Give an account of the military operations of April, 1775 68, 69 

8. What ten important events occurred from 1765 to 1775 ? 99, 100 

9. Give an account of the taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point 69 

10. What occurred in and near Boston in June, 1775 ? 69, 70 

11. What three Congresses had previously met ? 66, 68, 71 

12. What did the first congress accomplish ? 66 

13. What was accomplished by the Congress of 1774 ? 68 

14. What measures did the Congress of 1775 adopt ? 71 

15. Give an account of the invasion of Canada, in 1775 71, 72 

16. Give an account of two battles before Quebec 62, 72 

17. Name, in order, six important events of 1775 100 

18. Write an account of Washington previous to 1776 50, 55, 56, 57, 60, 71 

19. Describe three battles of 1775 68, 69, 70, 72, 102 

20. What were the first important operations of 1776 ? 72, 73 

21. Give an accoitnt of Parl<er's southward movements 73 

22. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Moultrie 73, 74 

23. How is Fort Moultrie situated ? (Map, p. 73.) 

24. How many colonies united in the Declaration of Independence? Ans. 1.3. 

25. Name them in the order of their colonization. (See table, end of History.) 

26. What preparations did Howe make to capture Washington's array ?. . . 74 

27. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 75 

28. What movements did Washington make from August 27 to Dec. 8 ? . . . 75, 76 

29. How did the Americans lose Forts Washington and Lee ? 76 

30. Give an account of the events of December, 1776 76 

31. Name, in chronological order, seven events of 1776 100 

32. Name five battles that occurred in 1776 102 

33. Give the dates of their occurrence and other particulars 102 

34. Give an account of the events of January, 1777 77, 78 

35. What aid did Lafayette extend to the patriots ? 78 

36. Give an account of Tryon's three expeditions 78, 89 

37. What were the successes of Meigs and Barton ? 78, 79 

3S. What army movements were made in the early part of 1777 ? 79 

3^). What movements by land and water did Gen. Howe make ? 79 

40. What courses and on what waters did Gen. Howe sail ? 53 

41. What four important events occurred in September, 1777 ? 100 

42. Give a full account of the battle of Brandy wine 79, 80, 102 

43. What were the consequences of the battle ? 80 

44. Name five important events that occurred in October, 1777 102 

45. Give a full account of the battle of Germantown 80, 102 

46. Describe the two attacks upon Forts Mercer and Mifflin 80, 81 

47. What is stated in connection with Valley Forge ? 81 

48. What invading force did Burgoyne command ? 81 



10-i EEYIEW QUESTIONS. 



Page 

49. What plau of operations did Burgoyne liave ? 81 

50. What were his first two successes ? 81 

51. Wliat two disasters next befell the patriots ? 82 

5-2. What retreating movement did Schuyler make 't 82 

53. Give an account of Burgoyne's march to Fort Edward 82 

54. Give a full account of St. Leger's operations S3, 102 

55. Give a full account of the battle of Bennington S3, 102 

5(). What were the consequences of the British reverses ? 83, 85 

5T. Give a full account of the battle of Bemis Heights 84, 102 

5S. Give a full account of the battle of Saratoga 84, 102 

50. Wliat did Clinton do up the Hudson river ? 84, 85 

60. Name, in chronological order, twenty events of 17TT 100 

61. On what mission were Deane, Franklin, and Lee sent ? 78 

62. Wliat success did they meet with ? 78, 85 

63. What were the other consequences of Burgoyne's surrender "? 85 

64. Give an account of D'Estaing's operations in America 85, 80, 87, 90, 91 

65. Give a full account of the battle of Monmouth 86, 102 

60. Give the history of General Lee 73, 75, 7(), SO 

67. Of the attempt to drive the British from Rhode Island 86, 87 

68. Of the massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley 87 

69. How were the massacres subsequently avenged ? 90 

70. Give the history of Savannah 48, 87, 88, 90, 91, 101 

71. Name, in chronological order, seven important events of 1778 100, 101 

72. What were the events preceding the battle of Kettle Creek ? 88 

73. Wliat occurred at the South in January and February, 1779 ? 88 

74. Give a full account of the Battle of Brier Creek SS, 102 

75. What disasters befell the Americans in S. Carolina and Connecticut ? . . 88. 89 
70. Give a full account of the battle of Stony Point 89, 90. 102 

77. Give a full account of Paul Jones's victory 90,102 

78. Name, in chronological order, nine important events of 1780 101 

79. (iive an account of Clinton's siege and capture of Charleston 91 

80. What events followed the loss of Charleston ? 91 

81. Give a full account of the battle of Sanders Creek 92, 102 

82. Give an account of Ferguson's expedition 92, 102 

83. Give a full history of Arnold's treason 92. 93, 94 

84. Give the history of Arnold 09, 71, 72, 78. 8.3, 84, 92, 9.3, 94, 97 

85. Give an account of two mutinies that occurred in the army 94 

86. Of the measures adopted in consequence 94, 95 

87. Of change in commanders and of the battle of the Cowpens 95 

88. Of the retreat conducted by Morgan and Greene 95 

89. Of Greene's subsequent movements 95, 96 

90. Of Cornwallis's movements fnma Hobkirk's Hill to Yorktown . . 96 

91. Of the siege of Yorktown and surrender of Cornwallis 96, 97 

92. Of the consequences of Cornwallis's surrender 97, 98 

93. Name, in chronological order, the important events of 1781 101 

94. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 85, 99 

95. What was the origin of the Constitution of the United States ? 99 

96. What battles of the Revolution were fought in Virginia ? 102 

97. Name twelve battles that occurred in the State of New York 102 

98. Name five battles that were fought in New Jersey 102 



1. Retreat of tlie Britisli from Concord and Lexington 

(p. (j'3, Ti 16).—" An old, gray-headed man of Woburu ligiuos iu the stories of the 
time, who rode a fine white horse after the llyiug troops, and, dismounting 
within guhshot, would send his sure bullet to the mark. When he fired, some 
one fell. They came to cry, at sight of him, ' Look out, there is the man on the 
white horse.' Even the multitudes of the old and infirm, of women and children, 
Ixokiug down from the hillsides, were transformed, in the frightened imagination 
of the i-etreatiug troops, into hosts of armed men threatening their extinction. 
Amid the unknown terrors which beset these strangers iu a strange land, with 
lurking foes on every side, with all the country pouring its forces against them, 
it is hardly strange that they lost hoiJe and daring, and fied in teri'or. The 
officers went in front, and threatened with death every man who advanced. But 
nothing could have averted surrender or utter destruction but the timely arrival 
of the re-enforcement which had been sent for. These formed a h(jllow square 
at Lexington, and received the weary, affrighted men. 'They were so much 
exhausted with fatigue,' says a British historian, ' that they were obliged to lie 
down for rest on the ground, their tongues hanging out of their mouths like dogs 
alter a chase.' "—lifv. Alex. McKenzie. 

2. Death of Warren (p. 70, 51 21).— "After meeting with the Committee 
of Safety, he armed himself and went to Charlestown. A short time before the 
action commenced, he was seen in conversation with General Putnam, at the rail 
fence (near the foot of Breed's Hill), who offered to receive his orders. General 
Warren declined to give any, but asked where he could be most useful. Putnam 
directed him to the redoubt, remarking that • there he would be covered.' ' Don't 
think,' said Warren, ' 1 cameto seek a place of safety; Vjut tell me where the onset 
will be most furious.' Putnam, still pointing to the redoubt, said, 'That is the 
enemy's object, and if that can be defended, the day is ours.' General Warren 
passed to the redoubt, where the men received him with enthusiastic cheers. 
Here, again, he was tendered the command, by Colonel Prescott; but declined it, 

saying that he came to encourage a good cause He mingled in the fight, 

behaved with great bravery, and was among the last to leave the redoubt. He 
was lingering, even to rashness, in his retreat, and had proceeded but a few- 
rods, when a ball struck him in the forehead, and he fell to the ground."— 
Frothinffham's History of the. Siege of Boston. 

3. Attack on Fort Moultrie, Sullivan's Ii^lnndCp. 74,5130).— 
" The garrison fought with a coolness Avhich would have done honor to veterans. 
The day was very warm, and the men partially stripped to it. Moultrie says: 
' When the action began, some of the men took off their coats, and threw them 
T;pon the top rf the merlons. I saw a shot from the fleet take one of them, and 
throw it into a small tree behind the platform. It was noticed by our men, and 
they cried out, Look at the coat! ' A little incident that speaks volumes for their 
coolness. In the hottest fire of the battle, the flag of the foi-t was shot away, and 
fell outside of the fort. Jasper, one of Marion's men, instantiy sprang after it 
upon the beach, between the ramparts and the enemy, and binding it to a sponge- 
stafl" (used lor cleaning cannon), restored it to its place, and succeeded in getting 
back to the fort in safety. There is something chivalric in such deportment, 
which speaks for larger courage than belongs to ordinary valor. Tradition 
ascribes to the hand and eye of Marion the terrible efi'ect of the last shot fired 
this bloody day. It was aimed at the commodore's (Parker's) ship, which had 
alreadj' received something more than her share of the attention of the fort. 
This .;hot, penetrating the cabin of the vessel, cut do^Ti two young officers, then 
ranged forward, swept three sailors from the main-deck into eternity, and finally 
buried itself in the bosom of the sea."— ,S'm?n.s'5 Life of Marion. 



2S^0TES. 



4. Effect of tbe Boston Port Bill {V>. 67, M 11).— "As the clocks in 
the Boston beliries liuished strikiug twelve, the blockade of the harbor began 

(June 1) The warehouses of the thrifty merchants were at once made 

valueless; the costly wharves, which extended far into the channel, and were so 
lately covered with the produce of the tropics and with English fabrics, were 
become solitary places; the harbor, which had resounded incessantly with the 
cheering voices of prosperous commerce, was now disturbed by no sounds but 
from British vessels of war. At Philadelphia, the bells of the churches were 
muffled and tolled; the ships in port hoisted their colors at half-mast; and uine- 
tenths of the houses, except those oi the Friends, were shut during the memor- 
able first of June. In Virginia, the population thronged the churches: Washing- 
ton attended the service and strictly kept the fast. No firmer or more touchiLg 
words were addressed to the suflerers than from Norfolk, which was the largest 
place of trade in that ' well-watered and extensive dominion.' Jefferson, from 
the foot of tbe Blue Kidge ot the AUeghanies, condemned the act which in a 
moment reduced an ancient and wealthy town from opulence to want. The colo- 
nies vied with each other in liberality. The patriotic and generous people of 
South Carolina were the first to minister to the suflerers, sendin^:, early in June, 
two hundred barrels of rice, and promising eight hundred more. At Wilniing- 
tou, North Curoliua, the sum of two thousand pounds currency was raised in a 
few days; the women of the place gave liberally; Parker Quince oflered his ves- 
sel to carry a load of provisions freight free, and masters and mariners volun- 
teered to navigate her without wages. Hartford was the first place in Connecti- 
cut to pledge its assistance; but the earliest donation received, was of two 
hundred :md fifty-eight sheep from Windham. Throughout all New England the 
towns sent rye, flour, peas, cattle, sheep, oil, fish— whatever the land or the hook 
could furnish, and sometimes gifts of money. The English inhabitants of gue- 
bec, joiuiug with those of English origin, shipped a thousand and forty bushels of 
wheat."— /iaHcro//'s Histon/ of the United States. 

5. WasliiiiyctoM, liivored hy a Fog, retreats Ironi Liong 
l!«land IP- To. % 3i).—"\ Long Island tradition tells how tbe British camp 
became aware of the march which had been stolen upon it. Near the ferry 
(Brooklyn) resided a Mrs. Rapelyea (rap-el-yd'), whose husband, suspected of 
favoring the British, had been removed to the interior of New Jersey. On seeing 
the embarkation of the first detachment of the American army, she, out of loy- 
alty or revenge, sent off a black servant to inform the first British officer he 
could find, of what was going on. The negro succeeded in passing the American 
sentinels, but arrived at a Hessian (German) outpost, where, not being able to 
make himself understood, he was put under guard as a suspicious person. There 
he was kept until about daybreak, when an oflicer visiting the post examined 
liim, and was astounded by his story. An alarm was at once given, and the 
troops were called to arms. One of General Howe's aid-de-camps, followed by a 
handful of men, climbed cautiously over the crest ot the works, and found them 
deserted. Advanced parties were then hurried down to the ferry. The fog had 
cleared away sufficiently for them to sec the rear boats of the retreating army 
halfway across the river. One boat, still within musket shot, was compelled to 
return; it was manned by three vagabonds who had lingered behind to plun- 
der.' — Irviug's Life of Wasfnngton. 

G. Kosciusko (.\pp. p. 65, topic 39).—" He was made Colonel of Engineers, 
and all tlie important works at the north were entrusted to his care. It was he 
that planned the strong intrenchments which proved so useful at Bemis Heights. 
It is to him, also, that we owe the fortifications of West Point, where a romantic 



KOTES. 



spot on a ledge of tbe precipitous wall that overhangs the Hudson, is still 
pointed out as the garden of Kosciusko. When General Greene was sent to take 
command of the Southern army, Kosciusko was placed at the head of his engi- 
neers, and, during the whole of that active campaign, no one, in his appropriate 
sphere, was more useful than the gallant young Pole in his. It was not till the 
war was over and American independence secured, that he turned his face 
towaTds Europe. The long years that remained to him wera passed in retire- 
ment there. Napoleon sought to lure him from his retreat, but failed. Alexan- 
der, of Russia, listened respectfully to his intercessions for his exiled country- 
men. And when he died the women of America went into mourning, and his 
ashes were carried reverently back from the land of exile to sleep on their native 
soil in the tomb of Poland's kings." — Gret^ne's American Revolulion. 

7. The News of Biirgoyiie's Surrender in Kuropc (p. 84, H 
fiG).— "No sooner had it become certain that Burgoyne's expedition was frus- 
trated, than the Council of Massachusetts, perceiving the infinite importance of 
getting the news swiftly to France, comi^leted a fast-sailing vessel, and appointed 
Mr. Austin special messenger Mr. Austin reached Nantes (nanls) in thirty- 
one dayf:, and pushed on rapidly for Paris. Swiftly as he traveled, a rumor pre- 
ceded him of the arrival of a special messenger, and all the circle of official 
Americans hurried out to Passy (Dr. Franklin's residence) to be present at the 
opening ot the packet. When Mr. Austin's chaise was heard in the court, they 
went out to meet him, and before he had time to alight. Dr. Franklin cried out, 
'Sir, is Philadelphia taken?' 'Yes, sir,' replied Austin, 'but I have greater 
news than that. General Burgoyne and hls whole army are prisoners ov 
war!' The effect was thrilling, electric, overwhelming, indescribable. 'The 
news,' said Mr. Deane afterwards, ' was like a sovereign cordial to the dj-ing.' 
The king's financial agent, through whom the Americans had been so generously 
aided, who had been for several dav-s in an agony of despair, feeling himself to be 
on the brink of ruin, was almost beside himself with joy. He straightway ordered 
his carriage, and drove towards Paris at such a furious pace, that the vehicle 
was overturned, and one of his arms dislocated. In a few days all Europe had 
heard the news; and, except the tory party of Great Britain, and the continental 

holders of English stock, all Europe rejoiced at it Often, in meeting Mr. 

Austin at breakfast, or when sitting with him in the office. Dr. Franklin would 
break from one of those musings in which it was his habit to indulge, and, 
clasping his hands together, exclaim, ' Oh, Mr. Austin, you brought us glorious 
news.' " — Pai-ton's Life of Franldin. 

8. ITIarijn's Oinner of Sweet Potatoes (p. 91, IT 92).— "About 
this time (1780), we received a flag from the enemy, the object being to effect an 
exchange of prisoners. The flag, after the usual ceremony of blindfolding, was 

conducted into Marion's swamp encampment The British officer was 

about to return, after transacting his business, when Marion said, 'I hope you 
will give us the pleasure of your company to dinner.' At the mention of the 
word dinner the officer looked around, but could see no sign of a pot, pan, Dutcli- 
oven, or any other cooking utensil that could raise the spirits of a hungry man. 
' Well, Tom,' said General Marion to one of his men, ' come, give us our dinner.' 
The dinner to which he alluded was no other than a heap of sweet potatoes that 
were unugly roasting under the embers, and which Tom, with his pine stick, 
soon liberated from their ashy confinement, pinching them every now and then, 
with his fingers, to see whether they were well done or not. Then, having 
cleaoed them of the ashes, partly by blowing them with his breath, and partly 
by brushing them with the sleeve of his old cotton shirt, he piled some of the 



KOTES. 



best on a large piece of pine bark, and placed them between the British office- 
and Marion, on the trunk of the fallen pine on which they sat. ... The officer 
took up one of the potatoes, and affected to feel as if he had found a great dainty 
but It was very plain that he ate more from good manners than a good appetite "' 
— Weems's Life of General Marion. 

9. <^apture or Andi-^ (p. 93, H 98).-Andre coming to a place where a small 
stream crossed tlie road and run into a woody dell, a man stepped out from the 
trees, leveled a musket and brought him to a stand, while two other men simi- 
larly armed, showed themselves prepared to second their comrade. The man who 
first stepped out wore a refugee uniform. At sight of it Andre's heart leapt and 
he felt hmiself secure. Losing aU caution, he exclaimed, eagerly : ■ Gentlemen I 
hope you belong to our party ? ■ ' What party V ' was asked. ■ The lower party ' 
said Andre. 'We do,' was the reply. All reserve was now at an end. Andre 
declared himself to be a British officer; that he had been up the country on par- 
ticular busmess, and must not be detained a single moment. He drew out his 
watch as he spoke. It was a gold one, and served to prove to them that he was 
what he represented himself, gold watches being seldom worn in those davs 
excepting by persons of consequence. To his consternation, the supposed 
refugee now avowed himself and his companions to be Americans, and told Andre 
he was their prisoner. Seizing the bridle of his horse, they ordered him to dis- 
mount, and proceeded to search him. They obliged him to take off his coat and 
vest, and found on him eighty dollars in continental money, but nothing to war- 
rant suspicion of anything sinister, and w.ere disposed to let him proceed Avhen 
Paulding exclaimed: 'Boys, I am not satisfied— his boots must come off' At 

this Andre changed color He was obliged to sit down; his boots were 

drawn off, and the concealed papers discovered While dressing himself, 

Andre endeavored to ransom himself from his captors; rising from one offer to 
another. He would give any sum of money, if they would let him go. He would 
give his horse, saddle, bridle, and one hundred guineas; but the patriots were 
not to be bribed, and the luifortunatc Andre submitted to his fate."— Irving' s 
L\f^ "./" fVashington. 

10. AVasliiiijrtou takins; Leave of lii.s Officers (p. 98, U 119). _ 
"At noon (Doc. 4) the principal officers of the army assembled at Frances's tav- 
ern, soon after which their beloved commander entered the room. His emotions 
were too strong to be concealed. Turning to them he said, < With a heart full 
of love and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your 
latter days may bt; as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glo. 
rious and honorable; ' adding, 'I cannot come to each of you to take my leave, 
but shall be obliged if each of you will como and take me by the hand.' General 
Knox, being nearest, turned to him. Washington, incapable of utterance, 
grasped his hand and embrai;ed him. In the same affectionate manner he took 
leave of each succeeding officer. The tear of manly sensibility was in every eye; 
and not a word was spoken to interrupt the dignified sileTicn and the tenderness 
of the scene. Leaving the room, he passed through the corps of light infantry, 
and walked to White Hall ferry, where a barge was in waiting to convey him 
across the river. The whole company followed in mute and solemn procession, 
with dejected countenances, testifying feelings of delicious melancholy which no 
language can describe. Having entered the barge, he turned to the company, 
and, waving his hat. bid them a silent adieu. They paid him the same affection- 
ate compliment, and, after the barge had left them, returned in the same 
solemn manner to the place where they had assembled."— J/arsAaZ/'s Life of 
Washington, 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



105 






SCALr CF MILES 




^•>^ane 



zz.-^/^^ 



1 V U^s// 



d Traverse -{^ j / U K O N 

"■' ^Oy"': *-- w Fori A 
'- •--->- — T-. ^ V - V K /^*vasr,ar 

lowaft'ity 





Ifannlljal 




^farslian. 



Mor 










JiCol<tik 
2 \il"iiicy 






■^l^bg^nsnorto. ^ 

TIPPCCAMOC fcl/ 



•.;0LDMBCS.3 

\ 



I / ^ /' / ^/Tcrr.naiito> Dayt^on / J ^... 

Ulton Tauilalia ( t|> •-' jg Covia^ojirv owo «i /I 












\jnctr>ncS/*- 

^TLLE^' L£siD(rton.X -{ | ^^| 
"'•ill /~-n^ vC ""-, V "^ 




/A 



L A.// 



AOarda'.i^- -Vv.henV. 



106 Washington's administration. litso. 



SECTION V. 

PROM THE BEGIXXIXG OF WASHIXGTOn's AD:^^NTSTRATION 
TO THE CLOSE OF JEFFEESOX's I 1789 TO 1809. 

1. Washington's Administration. — The first election 
for President of the United States resulted in the choice 
of George Washington, who received the whole number 
of electoral votes. At the same time John Adams of 
Massachusetts, was elected Vice-President. New York 
was then the capital; and in that city Washington ap- 
peared before the fii*st constitutional Congress, and was 
inaugurated on the 30th of April, 1789. (Ap.,note, p. 11.)* 

2. Congress having created three executive depart- 
ments, — of state, treasury, and war, — the heads of Avhich 
were to form the President's cabinet, Washington ap- 
pointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Secretary of State; 
Alexander Hamilton of New York, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury; and Henry Knox of jMassachusetts, Secretary of 
War. Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed 
the public finances in a good condition ; and, upon his rec- 
ommendation, the debts of the states, contracted during 
the war, were assumed by the general government. 

3. In 1790 a law was passed establishing the seat of 
government at Philndelphia for ten years, and afterward 
locating it permanently on the Potomac. In the foUow- 
incr year, the Bank of the United States was incorporated ; 

1. Who was the first l)^0!^i(k■Ilt ? Firt^t vice-president?. What was New 
Yorlv City at that time ? Wlien and where was Wa!«hini,'ton inaimiuated ? 

2. What, departments did Congress create? What of Hamilton and his plans? 
the seat of government ? Bank of tlie United Slates? Of Vermoui ? 



3> What the seat of gov( 



» '• The oath was to be ndministered by the Chaneollor of the State of New York (Robert 
R. Liviiifiston) in a balcony in front of tlie Senate Cliaiuber .of ron<,'ress), aud in fnll view 
ofanhnmense mnltitnde occupying the streets (Wall and Broad), the windows, and even 
the roofs of the adjacent houses. * * » The Chancellor advanced to administer the oath pre- 
scribed by the Constitution, and Mr. Otis, the Secretary of the Senate, held up the Hible on 
its crimson cushion. The oath was read slowly and distinctly, Watshinjrton at the same lime 
laying his hand on the open Bible. When it was concluded, he replied solemnly, ' I Ewear 
—so help my God.' .Mr. Otis would have raised the Bible to his lips, but he bowed down 
reverently a'nd ki.ssed it. The tUiancellor now stepped forward, waived bis hand, and ex- 
claimed : ' Lon^ live (leorge Washington, President of the United States'. ' At this mo- 
ment a flag was displayed on the cupola of tlie Hall (the new Federal Hall— old City Hall 
—where Ctmgress met a"nd the inauguration took place : it stood where the United States 
Treasury now is), on which signal there was a general discharge of artillery on the battery. 
All the bells in the city rang l>ut a joyful peal, and the multitude rent the air with accla- 
mations."— 7; ri;i.'/".s Lite of Washington. 



i-joo.] Washington's administration. 107 

and Vermont was admitted into the Union, making the 
number of states fourteen. During the Revohition, Ver- 
mont applied for admission into the Confederacy ; but as 
Xew York claimed the territory, the application was not 
granted* (See p. 189; also i\pp. p. 75, topic 173.) 

4. In the summer of 1790 an Indian war was com- 
menced by the tribes north of the Ohio. AYashington at 
first used pacific means; but, these failing, he sent an 
expedition, under Gen. Harmar, against the hostile tribes. 
Harmar destroyed several of their villages, but, in two 
battles, near the present village of Fort AYayne, Indiana, 
he was defeated with severe loss. 

5. In the following year St. Clair marched against the 
Indians ; but while encamped at a place in the western 
part of Ohio he was surprised, and defeated with the loss of 
six hundred men. During the war, Kentucky, which had 
been previously claimed by Virginia, was admitted into 
the Union; and, in the same year, 1792, Washington was 
again elected president. Adams was also rechosen vice- 
president. (See p. 190; also App. p. 69, topic 90.) 

6. Gen. Wayne was finally sent against the Indians. 
In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the 
Mau-mee', and gained a complete victory. This success, 
followed up by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians 
to sue for peace ; and, in 1795, a treaty was made at Green- 
ville, by which a large tract of territory was ceded to the 
United States. Tennessee was admitted into the Union 
in 1796. (See p. 190; also App. p. 74, topic 160.) 

7. When France, during her great revolution, declared 
war against England, a large part of the people of this 

4. What ocrurred in 1T90? Give an account of Harmar's expedition? 
Where is Fort Wavne ? (p. 105.) 

5. Give an account of St. Clair's expedition. What is said of Kentucky? 
Of Washington's re-election ? 

6 Give an account of Wa^^^e's expedition. What is paid of the treaty ol 
Green-ville ? Where is Greenville ? (p. 105.) In what direction from Greenville 
ie the battle-ground of Wayne's victory ? What is said of Tennessee ? 

■ Fi>r information in relation to the selection of a place for the .seat of jjovernnient, sea 
Note 1, end of section. Reail, also, topic 163, App., p. 74. 



108 JOHN ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. [1791. 

country were in favor of helping their old ally of the liev- 
ohition. M. Genet {zhe-ucT), the French minister in the 
United States, presuming upon the feeling in favor of his 
country, began to fit out privateers in American ports to 
cruise ao^ainst British vessels. Washinoton, deemins: it 
best to preserve a position of strict neutrality between the 
two countries., demanded his recall, and another minister 
was sent in his place. 

8. Tlie first measure adopted by the United States gov- 
ernment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was 
the law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. It 
met with considerable opposition, especially in the west- 
ern part of Pennsylvania, where, in 1794. the resistance 
grew to an open rebellion, known as the Whisky Insur- 
rection. Upon the approach of a force sent by Washing- 
ton, the insurgents yielded. 

9. It was not long after the making of the treaty of 
1783, at the close of the Kevolution. beibre the American 
and British governments began to accuse eacii otlier of 
violating its stipulations. To avert a war which seemed 
inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to En- 
gland, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. This new 
treaty met with considerable opposition m the United 
States, because its provisions were regarded as beincr too 
favorable to the English ; but it was at ienjrth ratified.* 

10. Joiix Adams's Admixistratiox. — Washincrton. hav- 
ing declined a nomination for a third term. John Adams 
was elected to succeed him ; and the new president was 
inaugurated at Philadelphia, on the 4th of "March, 1797. 
Wasliington then retired to the quietude ot liis home at 
Mount Vernon. fSee App. note, p. 24.) 

,. ,T;,^^"'^'*^ imorndence was committed bv the French minister « What course 
did ^\ ashinsrton adopt y 

8. Giv.^ an account of the Whisky Insurrection. 

9. State the circuinstanees in rehition to Jav's Treaty. 

1 0. \yho >^iicceeded Washinirton as president ? When and where was Adams 
Inauorurated ? What, men, did W ashinstou do ? 



For Jay, see App., p. 00, topic 8-2. Read, also, Note 2, end of Section. 



1797.] Jefferson's administration. 109 

11. The neutral position taken by the United States in 
the war between England and France, gave offence to the 
latter power; and "Jay's Treaty," ratified in 1795, so 
aggravated the unfriendly feeling, that a war seemed in- 
evitable. The president, therefore, convened an extra ses- 
sion of Congress, and defensive measures were adopted, 
Washington being appointed commander-in-chief. Hos- 
tilities at sea were commenced ; but the decided stand 
taken by the Americans had its effect, and a treaty of 
peace was made with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had be- 
come First Consul of France. (Note 2, end of Sec.) 

12. Washington, however, did not live to see the trou- 
bles terminated: he died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th 
of December, 1799. His death was regarded as a national 
bereavement. Congress paid honors to his memory, and 
the whole people mourned the loss which each person felt 
that he had individually sustained. During the following 
year the " City of Washington " was made the nation's cap- 
ital. (See App., p. 74, topic 168 ; also note 3, end of Sec.) 

13. Toward the close of Adams's administration of 
four years, a fierce struggle took place between the two 
great parties of the day — Federal and Republican — in 
relation to the presidential succession. Upon counting 
the electoral votes it was found that no candidate had the 
requisite majority ; therefore the election went to the 
House of Representatives, by wdiom Jefferson was chosen 
president, and Aaron Burr of New York, vice-president.* 

14. Jeffersox's Admixistratiox. — The inauguration 
of Jefferson took place in the new capitol, at Washington, 
on the 4th of March, 1801. f At the expiration of his first 

1 1. Give an account of the troubles with France. 

1 2. What it* ptated in relation to Wa^hini^ton s death ? What occnrred in 
1800? Where is the city of Washington ? (Map, p. 12«i.) 

13. What struggle is spoken of? State the particulars in relation to the 
election. * JefTerson and Burr were the Republican caudidales. 

14. When and where was Jeflferson inaugurated ? 

+ See App. note, p. 24. 



110 Jefferson's administratiok". [I802. 

term of office, he was i-e-elected for a second ; consequently 
he was president eight years. 

15. During his first term Ohio was admitted into the 
Union (in 1802); and an immense tract of land, including 
the present State of Louisiana and extending from the 
Mississippi River to the Kocky Mountains, was bought 
(in 1803) from France, for fifteen millions of dollars. By 
the purchase thus made the free navigation of the Missis- 
sippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured.* 

10. In the same year, 1803, Commodore Preble (preb'-el) 
was sent against the pirates of the Barbary States, Vvho 
were constantly on the alert to commit depredations upon 
the commerce of the United States. One of his vessels, 
the frigate Philadelphia, while reconnoitring in the har- 
bor of Tripoli [trip'-o-le), struck on a rock, and was cap- 
tured, her crew being made slaves. 

17. The recapture of the frigate being considered im- 
practicable, her destruction was determined upon. Ac- 
cordingly, on a night in Februar3^ 1804, Lieut. Decatur 
(de-ka-tw), in a small vessel, with about 80 companions, en- 
tered the harbor, boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after 
setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. 

18. About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the Ignited 
States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled 
though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli. He marched 
from Egypt across the desert, and captured Der'-ne ; but, 
in the midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was con- 
cluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, American 
Consul-General. (See p. 129, 1 57.) 

15. What is said of Ohio ? Of Louisiana? Of the advantage gained by the 
piDcha^e of Louisiana ? 

16. Wliat were the Barbary States '? Ans. Morocco, Algiers, Tnr.:'? nnd 
Tripoli, lying along the north coai't of Africa. What expedition was sent in 1803 ? 
Why was it sent ?" Wliat misfortune occurred '; 

17. Give the sul)sequent history of the frigate Phihulelphia ? 
1 8. Give an account of Eaton's success ? What followed ': 

* For Louisiana, see Notes 4 and o, cml of Section; also the two paraf^r'iphs on pasre 191, 
jrivinj; the history and extent of the Louisiana purchase; the note on page 157', and topic 
101, App., p. 70. For Ohio, topic 129, App., p. 72. 



1804.] jeffeeson's administeation. Ill 

19. In July, 1804, the diic4 between Alexander Hamil- 
ton and Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which re- 
sulted in the death of Hamilton, grew out of a political 
(luarrel. Burr, finding that he had lost his political influ- 
ence, became engaged, two years after, in organizing a 
secret expedition at the West. He was tried on a charge 
of treason, and, though acquitted, was generally believed 
to be guilty of a design to dismember the Union.* 

20. About that time, France and England being at war, 
the latter power declared the northern coast of France in 
a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated, decreeing the 
blockade of the British islands. In consequence of these 
and other " decrees" and " orders," great numbers of 
American vessels were seized by the cruisers of the bel- 
ligerent powers, and our commerce with Europe was 
nearly destroyed. 

21. But the crowning grievance of the Americans was 
the so-called "right of search." This was a claim set up 
by Great Britain, undei* which American vessels were 
searched, and all sailors of English birth found on board, 
were impressed as subjects of the king. (See note, p. 114.) 

22. An event occurred, in June, 1807, which brought 
things toward an issue. The frigate Chesapeake, when of! 
the capes of Virginia, was fired into by the British frigate 
Leopard. The American vessel being unprepared for ac- 
tion, strwk her colors, after having twenty-one of her 
crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were 
then transferred to the Leopard ; but three of them, it 
was afterward proved, were native Americans. 

23. This outrage provoked the president to issue a pro- 



19. What is said of a duel? Of Burr, his western expedition and trial? 
U liar opinion prevailed ? (Head Xote G, end of Si-ction.) 

??■ ■)M'''*^ d(;claration and decree are mentioned ? The cou?'-queiiceof them ? 

21. \V hat !:« s;iid of the " ri-ht of search " claim ? 

22,. In what notable case did ttio Britisii enforce their claim ? 

23. To what act did tlie outra'^'c lead the President ? 

* See for Hamilton, App., p. 67, topic Go: lor Burr, App., p. G4, topic 28. 
Eead, also, Note 6, end of Section. 



112 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. [1807. 



clamation forbidding Britisli armed vessels to enter the 
ports or waters of the United States. Although the act 
of tlie Leopard was not approved by the British govern- 
ment, no reparation was made till four years after. 

24. In consequence of the policy of the two European 
nations, so destructive to our commerce. Congress passed 
the Embargo Act, forbidding American vessels to leave 
the ports of the United States. As the Act not only 
failed to produce any change in the policy of the two 
powers at war, but was ruinous in its effects upon the 
shipping interests, it became very unpopular, and was re- 
pealed — a law, prohibiting all intercourse with those coun- 
tries beinor substituted for it.* 



CHROXOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1789. George Washington was inaugurated President April 30. 

1790. The Indians defeated Harmar near Fort Wa3me. .Oct. 17, 22. 

1791. The United States Bank was established at Philadelphia. 

Vermont was admitted into the Union March 4. 

Indians defeated St. Clair in western part of Ohio Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union June 1. 

1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee Aug. 20. 

The Whiskj' Insurrection in Pennsylvania occurred. 

1795. Jay's treaty with Great Britain was ratified June 24. 

179(3. Tennessee was admitted into the Union June 1. 

1797. John Adams was inaugurated president March 4. 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, Virginia Dec. 14. 

1800. The City of Washington liecame the capital of the U. S. 

A treaty of peace was eonchidcd with France Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated pi'esident ]\Iarcli 4. 

TripoU declared war against the United States June 10. 

1802. Ohio was admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 

1803. Louisiana was pureliascd of France April 30. 

Commodore Prehle was sent against Tiipoli. 

1804. Decatur destroyed the frigate Philadelphia Feb. 15. 

24. What was the Embanro Act? Why was the act passed? Why was it 
repealed ? What was substituted ? 

*"It is true it (the Embargo^ helped maiuifactiirers by increasing the de- 
mand for domestic goods."— //^ac/Zfy. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 113 



1804. Hamilton and Burr fought a duel July 11 

1805. Eaton captured Derne, a Tripolitan city April 27 

A treaty of peace was concluded with Tripoli June 8 

1807. The Leopard attacked U. S. Frigate Cliesapeake June 22. 

British armed vessels ordered to leave the U. S July 2. 

Congress laid an embargo on American ships Dec. 22. 

1809. Congress interdicted commerce with Great Britain 

and France March 1 

EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. When and where was Washington inaugurated president ? 106 

2. How was Washington's first cabinet organized ? 10(> 

3. State what you can of Vermont 82, 83, 107 

4. Whence did Vermont derive its name ? Ans. From its principal range 

of mountains. The word is derived from the French words vert, 
green, and mo?it, mountain. 

5. Give an account of tlie three expeditions against the Indians 107 

6. Give the history of General Wayne 80, 89, 90, 107 

7. State what you can of General St. Clair 81, 82, 107 

8. Give an account of the difficulties with France 107, 108, 109 

9. What can you state of Kentucky ? 107 

10. How did Kentucky get its name ? Ans. The Indians called the region 

Kentucky, because it had been the scene of savage warfare. The 
\\'ord means the dark and bloody ground. 

11. Give the history of the Whisky Insurrection 108 

12. Write an account of General Washington 50, 55, 50, 57, GO, 71, 72, 75, 

70, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 80, 9(5, 97, 98, 99, 106-109 

13. Give the history of New York City . .37, 39, 40, GO, 67, 73, 75, 79, 85, 91. 98, 106 

14. What account can you give of John Adams ? 98, 106, 107, 108, 137 

15. Give an account of Jeff"erson 74, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 137 

16. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 110 

17. Whence did Ohio get its name? Ans. From the river forming its 

southern boundary. The Indians called the river the Ohio, a term 
meaning the beautiful river. 

18. Give an account of the troubles with the Barbary States 110 

19. What account can you give of Alexander Hamilton ? 106, 111 

20. What account can you give of Aaron Burr ? 109, 111 

21. What foreign war-measures injured United States commerce ? Ill 

22. Give an account of the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard. . . . Ill 

23. Give the history of the Embargo Act 112 

24. During what period was Washington president ? 112 

25. Name, in chronological order, ten important events of that period 112 

26. What states were admitted during his administration ? 112 

97. During Avhat period was John Adams president ? 112 

28 Name, in chronological order, four important events of that period. . . 112 
29. During what period was Jeftcrson president ? 112, 114 

Note. — In 1807, an act was passed to prevent the importation of slaves into the 
United States after Jnimary 1, 180S (See App. p. 34. Const. U. S., Sec. III., 1st 
clause); and Fulton, in his first steamboat, sailed up the Hudson River. 



NOTES. 



1. Selecting a Place for tlie Natioii*s Capitol (p. 106, H 3).— 
"By this act of Congress, the permanent seat of the federal government was es- 
tablished on the Potomac, the particular spot, within certain limits, being left to 
the discretion of the president (Washington), who was to appoint commissioners 
to fix the location, and to erect suitable public buildings. In their eagerness to &x 
the seat of government in their own neighborhood, Maryland and Virginia, as 
well as Pennsylvania and New Jersey, had held out very liberal offers: and it was 
cue of the arguments in favor of the present act, that it provided for establishing 
a c>apitol and erecting all the necessary public buildings without any cost to the 
nation, an idea kept up for several years, but which i^roved in the end to be a 

very mistaken one Shortly after the adjournment of Congress, Washington 

started on a three mouths' tour through the Northern states. In the course of 
his journey he stopped for several days on the Potomac to select the site of 
the future seat of government. That selection made, the Commissioners entered 
forthwith upon their duty. The city was laid out on a most magnificent scale, 
on a plot large enough to accommodate a million of inhabitants. Many persona 
from different parts of the Union entered with great zeal into the speculation 
for building it up, to most of whom, however, the enterprise proved sufficiently 
disastrous. The owners of the land, confident of growing rich by the enhance- 
ment of its value, transferred to the United States not only the ground necessary 
for streets, and the space reserved for public purposes, but one-half of the lots 
into which the city plot w^as laid out, the proceeds to be applied toward the com- 
pletion of the public buildings." — Hildretk's History of the United States. 

2. Jay's Treaty (p. 108, 1[ 9 and H 11). -" While Mr. Jay Avas in England, 
he was elected governor of the State of New York. He returned to this country 
in May, 1795, and entered upon his duties as governor on the 1st of July follow- 
ing. Owing to the hostility towards England prevailing in the United States, 
great pains were early taken to secure the rejection of the treaty which Mr. Jay 
had negotiated. On the 4th of July (1795), a great mob paraded the streets of 
New York, with an effigy of Mr. Jay, Avhich was afterward committed to the 
flames. No time was lost in getting up meetings throughout the country to de- 
nounce the treaty, and in many instances, inllammatory resolutions, previously 
prepared, were adopted by acclamation, without examination or discussion. It 
was easy to discover defects in a treaty which had been condemned before it was 
known At a meeting in New York, convened in the open air and numer- 
ously attended, Alexander Hamilton attempted to make an address in vindica- 
tion of the treaty, but the orator was answered with stones. The mob, after 
adopting the resolutions prepared by the leaders, marched, with the American and 
French colors flying," to the residence of Mr. Jay, and there burned the treaty. 

"A similar meeting was held at Philadelphia On the loth of August, the 

president (Washington), signed the treaty, and by that act of moral courage, res- 
cued his country from the evils impending over her, and secured for her a long 
course of almost unexampled prosperity." — William Jay's Life of John Jay. 

3. The 'Wliite Houisie (p. 109. 1[r2).— The residence of the President of the 
United States at Washington, is commonly called the White House. It was first 
occupied by President Jolin Adams, in November, 1800, while the cai-penters and 
masons were yet at work there, as appears by the first letter, probably, ever written 
in the White House by its mistress. The letter was addressed by Mrs. Adams to 
her married daughter, on the 21st of the month. It says: " The house is upon a 
grand and superb scale, requiring about thirty servants to attend and keep the 
apartments in order. The lighting of the apartments, from the kitchen to parlor 



NOTES. 



and cliamber, is a tax indeed (candles being used) ; and the fires which we are 
obliged to keep to secure us from daily agues, is another very cheering comfort. 
To assist us in this great castle, and render less attendance necessary, bells are 
wholly wanting, not a single one being" hung through the whole house, and 
promises are all you can obtain. If they will put up some bells, and let me have 
wood enough to keep tires, I design to be pleased. Surrounded with forests, can 
you believe that wood is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut and 
cart it ! The house is made habitable, but there is not a single apartment fin- 
ished. We have not the least fence, yard or other convenience without, and 
the great unfinished audience-room I make a drying-room of to hang up the 
clothes ill." — Mrs. John Adams's Correspondence. 

4. Tlae Acquisition of Louisiana (p. 110, IT 15).—" The mission to 
France was attended with unlocked for success. The American ministers, in- 
stead of merely purchasing New Orleans and the Floridas, as had been the first 
and main object of Mr. Jefferson, were able to effect a purchase of all Louis- 
iana, equal in extent to the whole previous territory of the United States. They 
owed their good fortune to the war which v>'as so suddenly renewed between 
France and England, when the government of France, convinced that the ijossps- 
sion of Louisiana would soon be wrested from her by the superior naval power 
of England, readily consented to make the sale, the rather, as the purchase 
mouey was particularly acceptable to France (Bonaparte) at that time." — Tucker's 
Life of Jefferson. 

5. Advantages of the Acquisition.— "Jefferson had conceived the 
design, foreseen the occasion, and had even given the signal to strike when the 

occasion came The purchase secured, independently of territoi'y, several 

prime national objects. It gave us that homogeneousness, unity, and indepen- 
dence which is derived from the absolute control and disposition of our commerce, 
trade, and industry in every department, Avithout the hindrance or meddling 
of anj^ intervening nation between us and the sea, or between us and the open 
market of the world. It gave us ocean boundaries on all explored sides, for it 
left Canada exposed to us and not us to Canada. It made vis indisputably and 
forever (if our Union is preserved) the controllers of the western hemisphere. 
It placed our national course, character, civilization, and destinj^ solely in our 
own hands. It gave us the certain sources of a not distant numerical strength to 
which that of the mightiest empires of the past or present is insignificant." — 
JtandaU's Life of JefTerson. 

6. Effect of Hamilton's Deatli (p. Ill, *iT 19).— "On the day of his 
funeral, the whole city (New York) was in mourning. The procession which 
followed him to the grave comprised men of every degree, without distinction of 
parties. The minute-guns from the batteries were answered by the French and 
British ships-of-war in the harbor. On the steps of Trinity Church, Gouverueur 
Morris, with the four sons of the deceased by his side, pronounced a solemn 
oration in memory of his slaughtered friend; and when they had laid him in the 
earth, and the parting volley had been fired over his remains, the vast crowd 
dispersed in silence, and each man carried to his home the impression of a pro- 
found grief. Nor was this feeling confined to New York. It spread rapidly 
through the Union, and found utterance in every variety of form. Speeches, 
sermons, and poems innumerable were composed in honor of Hamilton; towns 
and villages in all parts of America were called after his name; and never up to 
that time, since the death of Washington, had any event produced so universal 
an expression of sj-mpathy on that continent, as the untimely and lamented end 
ot the great Federalist."— iJe/i/twtw^/er's Alexander Hamilton. 



11 J: Madison's administration. [1809. 

S-RCTTON VI. 

3fadi'son\^ Adnu'/tistntdon: ISOO to 1817. 

1. The Second War avitii Exglaxd. — The fourth 
President of tlie United States, James ^ladisoii of Vir- 
ginia, Avas inaugurated at Wasliington, on the 4l]i of 
March, 1809, at a crisis in the aftairs of tlie nation wliich 
required, on the jiart of the administration, the utmost 
caution, prudence, and resohition. 

2. In 3Iay, 1811, an atlair occurred whicli tended to 
increase the ill feeling which tlien existed between (-reat 
Britain and the United States. The British sloop-of-war 
Little j^el^, while cruising off the coast of Virginia, fired 
into the American frigate President ; but her lire was 
returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few min- 
utes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 

3. Before Madison became President, the Indians on 
the western frontiers, influenced by the appeals of Te- 
cumseh [te-l'um'-se)^ one of their ablest warriors, began 
to form a hostile confederacy. Their liostility increasing. 
Gen. Harrison marched against them in 1811. 

4. Harrison approached the Indian town of Tip-pe-ca- 
noe', and encamped for the night. Early on the following 
morning, November 7th, the Indians made a furious at- 
tack upon the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were 
repulsed. This conflict, known as the Battle of Tij)pe- 
canoe, ruined the plans which Tecumseh had formed. 

1 Wlu'u was M.'idison inanirnratod Prosidont ? 

2. What naval atVair inflaim-d the war spirit of the Aniericans? 

3. Wlio attoinpti'd to unite the Indians in a leairue airainsl the whites? 

3, A. (Jive an aeeonnt of tlie battle of Tippecanoe. Where was the battle 
fouiiht y (p. 10:> 1 What ^vas the cousequenco of the battle ? Was Tecumseh in 
the battle ? .4//*-. He was not. 

Note.— '"Upward of six thousand cases of allefired impressments were re- 
corded (at WashiiiiitoiO. * * * It was admiltid (by the llritish irovern- 
mciii^ tliat there iiii^ht have been, at the comniencement of tlie year 1811, six- 
ti en hundred bona tide Ameriean citizens servinir by eouipulsioii in the 
Briiish lleet. * * =)= Upon the i)reakin!jr out of hostililics, twenty-live hun- 
dred innH'esscd sailors, still ciainiiiiLr tt) be Ameriean eitizens, and refnsinir to 
fi2;ht a.rainst their country, were committed to DartiiKHir and other prisons (in 
En<;land), where most of them were detained to the end of the \\in\''~nildret/i''s 
lUdotij of the UinftU StaUi^. (See Note 1, end of Section.) 



1812.] 



MADISOJs'S ADMINISTRATION". 



115 



5. Events of 1812. — The government of the United 
States having in vain endeavored to induce the British 
to abrogate their restrictions so injurious to American 
commerce, and also to cease tlieir impressment of" our 
seamen, war was declared against that power on the 19lh 
of June, 1812. 

6. The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull (July 12t]i) 
Avas the first hostile movement on the part of tlie Ameri- 
cans ; and the capture of Fort Mack'-i-naw, five days after, 
the first on the part of the British. Hull crossed the Detroit 
River, intending to go against Fort Maiden [ma'wl'-de7i), 
but, instead of doing so, encamped at Sandwich. 

7. A detachment 
which Hull had sent 
to convoy a su[)ply 
train for Ids army, 
was met n e a r 
Brownstown, on the 
5th of August, and 
utterly defeated. 
Four days after, a 
second detachment, 
under Col. Miller, 
encountered a n d 
routed the enemy. 
In about a month 
Hull recrossed the 
river, and took post 
at Detroit. 




Map Questions.— What two lakes does the Detroit River connect? Name 
four places situated on the Detroit River. Name four rivers that flow into Lake 
Erie. Where was fort Mei^^s y Fort Makhni V Fort Stephenson y Where is De- 
troit? Sandwich? Brownstown? Frenchtown? Name two rivers that (low into 
Lake St. Clair. What hattle was fought on one of these rivers? Who L^aiiicd a 
victory on Lake Erie ? Who, in 1794,'<,'ained a victory on the Maumee ? Where 
is P'ort Mackinaw? (p. 105.) 

5. How did the '^ War of ISIQ" Imve its orit?in ? 

0. What were the first hostile acts of the war ? What movemeut did Hull 
make! in Canada? 

7. Give an account of the two battles near Brownstown. 



116 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1812. 



8. To this place he was soon after followed by Gen. 
Brock, commanding thirteen hundred British and Indians. 
The Americans were confident of victory in the battle 
which seemed about to take place, yet, to their great in- 
dignation, Hull ordered a white flag to be sliown, m 
token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, but 
the whole territory of Michigan passed into the hands 
of the enemy. The surrender took place on the IGih of 
August. (See App.p. 68, topic 73 ; also Xote l,end of Sec.) 

9. A second invasion of Canada was made in October 
of the same year. Gen. Van Rensselaer {van ren -se-ler) ^ 
in command of a body of troops, mostly New York 
militia, was stationed at Lewiston. On the 13th, a de- 
tachment of this force crossed the Niagara, and carried a 
battery on the heights of Queenstown. 

10. The enemy, re-enforced by Brock, attempted to re- 
gain their lost bat- 
tery, but were re- 
pulsed, and Brock 
was killed. On the 
afternoon of the same 
nay, the 13th, they 
Diade a second at- 
tf^mpt with fresh 
troops, and this time 
with success. Van 
Kensselaer, retiring 
from the service, was 
succeeded by Gen. 
Smyth ; but the lat- 
t e r accomplished 
nothing, and also 
resio-ned. 




„ — wt : agaTa\ 

BURUN&TON HEIGHTS- ^^ t. 6^'"-^^% ^"«"5^'°-' 



NIAG-ARA 
FRONTIER^ 




Jifci:> 



mcLc7<: 
-■'buFFALD: 







Map Questions.— What two lakes does the Niagara River connect ? Name 
seven towni^ situated on the Niaijrara River. Name lour forts that were on that 
river. Where is Lewiston ? (Queenstown? Chippewa? Lundy'sLane? York 
(now Toronto) '' 



1812.1 Madison's administration. 117 



11. The triumphs of the Americans on tlie ocean during 
1812 were as decided as then* reverses on the land. There 
were live important naval battles, in every one of which 
the Americans were victorious. The first was the cap- 
ture, August 13th, of the sloop Alert, by the frigate Es- 
sex, Capt^ain Porter. (Page 128, «[ 53.) 

12. On the 19th, six days after, the frigate Constitu- 
tion, Captain Hull, captured the Guerriere {gcire-e-are')^ 
after an action of about forty minutes. In October, the 
sloop Wasp, Captain Jones, cajitured the Frolic ; but 
scarcely had the prize been taken jjossession of, when an 
English ship of seventy-four guns hove in sight, and 
captured both vessels! (See App., p. 68, topic 74.) 

13. Just one week after.- October 25th, the frigate 
Uriited States, Commodore Decatur, after an action ol 
nearly two hours, west of the Canary Islands, compelled 
the Macedonian to surrender. A little more than two 
months later, the Constitution, then commanded by Com- 
modore Bainbridge, gained her second victory, in the 
capture of the Java (ja/i vah). The action took place off 
the coast of Brazil, Dec. 29th, and lasted nearly two hours. 

14. Am^erican privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and 
British commerce suffered in every direction. During 
the year more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
than three thousand prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, 
were taken by the Americans. The presidential election 
engaged tlie attention of the people toward the latter 



8. What next followed. iiicliKliiitr rhe purrenrler of Detroit ? 

9. What second invar^ion of Canada was made? 

9, 10. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown What is said of \'an 
Kenpselaer and Smyth ? 

11 Compare the land and naval hattlos of 1812? What was the first im- 
poitaiit naval victory pained by the Americans'' 

12 State what you can of the capture of the Guerriere. (See, also, table, 
p 1.52.) State what yon can of the Wasp. 

1 3. State what you can of the capture of the ^lacedonian. Of the capture ot 
the Java. 

1 4. What is said of the privateers and their saccesscp ? What is said of the 
presidential election of 1812? 



118 Madison's administeation. [is 13. 

part of Madison's iirst term, Ijut, though he Avas opposed 
by those avIio condemned the war, he was chosen for a 
second term. 

15. Events of 181.3. — For the campaign of 1813, tliree 
armies were raised. That of the West, near the head of 
Lake Erie, was commanded by Gen. Harrison ; that of 
the Centre, on the Niagara frontier, by Gen. Dearboi*n ; 
and that of the JVorth, near Lake Champhiin, by Gen. 
Hampton. 

16. Harrison's first object was the recovery of Michigan. 
A division of his army, mostly Kentuckians, commanded 
by Gen. Winchester, reached the Maumee, wlience a de- 
tachment was sent forward, which drove a body of British 
and Indians from Frenchtown. Winchester soon after 
arrived. On the 22d of January, he was attacked by 
fifteen Inindred Britisli and Lidians, under Gen. Proctor. 

17. The Americans made a brave defence; but Win- 
chester, who ]jad been made a prisoner, agreed upon a 
capitulation, though at the time he was in the hands of 
the enemy, and his troops surrendered upon condition 
that they should be protected. But Proctor failed to 
keep his promise, and many of the wounded Americans 
were murdered by his savage allies. 

18. Harrison, Avho was at the rapids of the Maumee 
when the news of Winchester's defeat reached liim, 
selected a position for defence, and there built Fort 
Meigs {rnegz). On the 1st of May a large force of British 
and Indians appeared before the place, and at once com- 
menced a siege. Four days after, Gen. Clay arrived with 
twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully attacked 



1.5. What preparations were made for the campaiirn of 1813? 

16. What was Harrisoirs first object ? State what occurred previous to th« 
2'2(1 of January. 

16. 17. Give an account of tlio battle and mapsacre at ?'renchtown. 

18. Where was Harrison when the news of Winchester's defeat reacnod 
him ? What measures of defence did he then adopt ? Slate what followed. 



1813.1 Madison's administkation. 119 

the besiegers; but Proctor continued operations until the 
9th, when, deserted by his Indian allies, lie made a dis- 
orderly retreat. 

19. He again threatened Fort Meigs, but, finding it 
well defended, terminated a brief siege by suddenly leav- 
ing. HiG next move was against Fort Stephenson, then 
garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men, under the 
command of Major Croghan (krog'-an)^ a young man 
not twenty-two years old. Croghan had but one cannon, 
a six-pounder. (See App., p. 65, topic 3 7.) 

20. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
breach was made, when the enemy, Aug. 2d, attenijjted 
to carry the yjlace by assault ; but they were met by a 
volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder 
with such terrible effect, that, j^anic-struck, they iied in 
confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number 
killed or wounded. 

21. During the summer, an American and an English 
squadron were fitted out on Lake Erie — the former com- 
manded by Commodore Perry, and the latter by Commo- 
dore Barclay. They met on the 10th of September, near 
the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought 
battle of four hours took place, resulting in a brilliant 
A'ictory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy hav- 
ing surrendered. In dispatching information of his vic- 
tory to Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy, 
and they are ours."* 

22. The consequences of the victory were highly im- 
portant. The Americans established their naval suprem- 
acy on Lake Erie, Detroit was evacuated by the British, 
and the Indians of Michigan were intimidated. Harrison 

19. 20. State what afterwarfl occurred at Fort Meifrs. Give an account of 
Crosran's heroic conduct. Where was Fort Stephenson ? Olap. p. ll.'i.; What, 
town now occupies the site of Fort Stephenson ? An^. Fremont. 

21. Give an account of Perr>'s victory on Lake Erie. 

22. Name three consequences of Perry's victory. What movement did liar- 
rison make ? What movement did Proctor make ': 



* Perry and Barclay, at the time, held the rank of Captain. 



120 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



ri8i3. 



seeing liis opportunity for success, crossed the lake in 
Perry's fleet, and lande<l near Fort IVIalden. But tlio 
fort was deserted, and Proctor and Tecumscli were in 
full retreat. 

23. Harrison followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th 
of October, overtook the enemy at a ])lace on the Thames 
(temz). The Americans charged, breaking the lines of 
the l)ritish, and soon compelling them to surrender; but 
the contest Avith the Indians was more obstinate. At 
length Tecumsch fell, and the savage Avarriors Hed. The 
war on the western frontier was terminated. 

24, In tlie spring of 18l;3, several months before the 
successes of Perry and Harrison, the Southern Indians 

were visited by Te- 
cumsch, and in- 
duced to take up 
arms against the 
wliites. On the last 
day of August, fif- 
teen hundred of 
their warriors sur- 
prised Fort ]Mims, 
and massacred near- 
ly three hundred 
men, women, and 
children. 

25. This unpro- 
voked attack arous- 
ed the whole South, 
and volunteers* as- 

Map Questions.— What stare is on the north of Alabama? On the cast ? 
On tlie west? On the soutli? Nann* six rivers jiartly or wholly in Alabama. 
Where was Fort ISIims (also written Minims) ? Tohopeka ? 

23. Give an account of the bailie of the Thames. 

24. How were the Creek Indintw iiKliiced to make war npon the whites? 
-Jive an acconnt of the massacre at Fort Minis. 

25. Give an account of what followed. Give an account of the battle of To- 
hopeka. Wliat were the consequences ? 

* III iimnpotiim with the account oftho hattle of Tohopeka, road Note 3, oncl of Section. 




1813.] Madison's administration. 121 

sembled to avenge the deed of horror. Several battles 
were fought in quick succession, in every one of which 
tlie Indians Avere defeated. At length a thousand war- 
riors made a final stand at To-]io-pe'd<:a, where they were 
defeated by Gen. Jackson, on the 27th of March, 1814, 
Avitli great slaughter. Their subjugation was complete. 

26. Toward the latter part of x\pril, 1813, Gen. Dear- 
born, commanding the Armi/ of the (Jentre^ left Sackett's 
JIarbor, in Commodore Cliauncey's [chahn'-se\s) fleet, 
crossed Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York, now 
Toronto. On the 2Tth, the troops landed, led by Gen. 
Pike, and were carrying everything before them, whei? 
the enemy's magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, 
and making sad havoc among Ids men. After a moment's 
])anic they moved on, and were soon in possession of the 
town.* 

27. Just one month later. May 2'7th, the fleet with 
iJearljorn and liis army, a])peared off Fort George. The 
British made but a brief defence of the place, and then 
fled. A detachment, under Generals Chandler and Win'- 
der, sent in pursuit, was unsuccessfully attacked on the 
night of the 6th of June, though both generals were made 
prisoners. 

28. The British in Canada, on being informed that 
Dearborn with a large body of troops had sailed from 
Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake to 
attack the place. Gen. Pre-vost', the commander, effected 
a landing; but was met. May 29th, by a small body 
of regulars and some militia, under Gen. Brown, and 
repulsed. 

29* Dearborn, having resigned his command, was suc- 

26. Give an account of the battle of York. 

27. Wliat fort did tlie Americans capture ? Chandler and Winder ? 

28. Wliat tempted the Britii^h to go against Sackett's Harbor ': Give an ac- 
count of tlie battle" fought there. Where is Sackett"« Harbor ? (Map, p. 38.) 

* "Pike was carried on board the (ommodore s Fhip, and the last act of his 
lile was to make a sign that the British flag, which had been hroii<:ht to him, 
should be placed under bis head."— //eac/^ey"*- Second War v:Uh England. 



122 Madison's administration. usis. 

cceded by Geii. Wilkinson. A plan for tlie invasion of 
Canada Avas devised by the Secretary of War, by -svliicli 
the Annj/ of tJie Cen/re, under Wilkinson, and tlie Army 
of the y^orth^ under Hampton, Avere to form a junction 
on the St. Lawrence, and i)roceed against ^Montreal. 

30. In ])assin<4' down the St. Lawrence, AVilkinson landed 

a detachment near Williamsburg, to cover the descent of I 
the iieet. On the 11th of November a severe though ' 
indecisive engagement took place, known as the battle of 
Chrysler*'s [Jx-)'is'-ler\'i) Field, in which the Americans were^ 
the greater sufferers. Wilkinson proceeded some dis-^ 
tance further, but, Hampton failing to co-o])erate with 
liim, the design against Montreal was abandoned. 

31. Though the ^Vmerican seamen, during 181;^, were 
not uniformly successful, their gallantry still continued to 
be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of February, 
the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, encouniered 
the British brig Peacock, off the coast of Guiana {(/e-a/t- 
9ia), and in lifteen minutes compelled lier to strike her 
colors. The captured vessel sank in a A'sv minutes after, 
carrying down with her nine of her own crew and three 
of the Hornet's. 

32. On his return to the L'nited States, Lawrence was 
promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, 
then lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 
1st the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared 
off the harbor to meet the Chesai)eake. Though the 
American vessel had imperfect equipments, and an ill- 
assorted crew, Avhile the British ship had a select crew 

29. Who piKccH-dod Dearborn in the command? What plan of action waa 

^^30. ii\\\' Tul\!:?-onu\ o*" the liatth' of Chrysler's Field. Where is Williams- 
bur" '' (Mai) \) ."58.) What were tin- further movements of Wilkinr^on * 

si. What is said of the naval ()i)eraiions of 1813? Give an account of the 
action between the Hornet and the I'eaeoek ,. ,„ , , 

32. What took place preliminary to tlu; l)attle between the Chesapeake and 
the Shannon "i 



1813.] 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



123 



and was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still 
felt impelled to go out and engage her* 

33. Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terrific 
contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was mor- 
tally wounded in the early j^art of the action, but his 
last injunction as he was borne below was, " Don't give 
up the ship." The Chesapeake, after having all lier su- 
perior ofiicers either killed or wounded, was boarded by 
the enemy, and her flag hauled down. (]S[ote 4, end of g) 

34. The brig Argus, Captain Allen, made a daring 
cruise in the waters about England, capturing a large 
number of vessels. While in the English Channel, Al- 
len fell in with the brig Pelican ; and, in the action which 
ensued, and wdiich resulted in the capture of the Argus, 
was mortally wounded. 

35. Fortune next favored the Americans. Off the coast 
of Maine, Sept. 5th, the brig Enterprise, Lieut. Burrows, 
met the British brig Boxer, Capt. 
Blythe, and, after an action of forty 
minutes, captured her. Both com- 
manders fell in the engagement, and 
their bodies w^ere buried side by side, 
at Portland, with the honors of war. 

36. Events of 1814, and close 
OF THE AVae. — During the winter of 
1813-14, the army of Gen. Wilkin- 
son w^as quartered at French Mills. 
Early in 1814 a detachment, under 
Gen. Brown, Avas sent to Sackett's Harbor ; and, toward 
March, the main body removed to Plattsburg. In the 

33. Give an account of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon. 
In what aflair did we hear of the Chesapeake before ? (p. 111.) Did Perry's vic- 
tory (jccnr before or after the loss of the Chesapcalce? 

34. Give an account of the cruise and loss of the Areus. 

35. Give an account of the capture of the Boxer, and subsequent events. 
3G. Where did Wilkinson's army (juarter durinc: the winter of 1813-14? 

Where is French Mills? (p. .53.) What army movements are mentioned V What 
events closed Wilkinson's military career? Where is La Colic ? (Map, p. 12.3.) 

* A irrUtcn chtiWcriKe, which hiid bcu 
Chesapeake sailed from Boston. 




PAUT OF SOKEL lUVKK. 



jut to Luwreuce, hud uot been received when the 



124 Madison's administeation. [1814» 

same month, March, Wilkinson marched into Canada, but 
being repulsed at La Colle {k6ll\ he returned to Platts- 
burg. He was soon after superseded in the command by- 
Gen. Iz'-ard. 

37. Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor, 
but, having been appointed to the command of an army 
on the Niagara frontier, he hastened to carry out the 
views of the Secretary of War for anotlier invasion of 
Canada. On the 3d of July his advance, consisting of 
two brigades under Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed 
the Niagara, and captured Fort Erie without a struggle. 

38. The Americans, with Brown in command, pushed 
forward along the western bank of the river, and, at 
Chippewa {chip' -pe-wavi) ^ on the 5th, gained a brilliant 
victory over the enemy, under Gen. Ri'-all. The Britisli 
retired to the shores of Lake Ontario, and there were re- 
eaforced by Gen. Drummond, Avho took the command. 

39. Drummond marched against the Americans, and, 
on the 25th, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most "obsti- 
nate of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, 
bravely contended against suj^erior numbers, until the 
arrival of Brown ; but, it soon becoming evident that a 
battery which the enemy held on a height, and which 
swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the 
Americans be defeated. Col. Miller was asked if he could 
take it. He promptly answered, " I'll try, sir." 

40. He did try, and Avas successful. Three times the 
British attempted to regain their lost battery, but were 
repulsed at every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a 
contest of six hours, they Avithdrew, each party losing 
about eight hundred men. Brown and Scott being se- 

37. Who, in 1S14. commaiidod an expedition for the invasion of Canada? 
What wore the first movemonls ? 

.38. r.ive an account of the battle of Chippewa? What did the British do 
after the battle? 

39, 40. Give iin account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. What is stiid o( 
Browu, Scott, Ripley, and Gaines ? 



1814.] Madison's administration. 125 

verely wounded, Gen. Ripley conducted the army to 
Fort Erie, Avhere Gen. Gaines soon after took command. 

41. On the 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to 
Fort Erie, and, on the loth, in attempting to carry the 
place by assault, was repulsed with the loss of about a 
thousand men. On the 1 7th of September, Brown being 
then in command, the Americans made a sortie from the 
fort, and destroyed the advanced works of the besiegers. 
Prummond, on being informed that Izard was approach- 
ing, retired northward ; and, in November, the Americans 
destroyed the fort and crossed over to Xew York. 

42. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg, left Gen. 
Macomb (ina-komh') in command there, with only a few 
hundred men. In September, Sir George Prevost, at the 
head of fourteen thousand men, marched against Ma- 
comb, and, at the same time, the British fleet on Lake 
Chamj^lain, commanded by Commodore Downie (down'-e)^ 
sailed to attack the American fleet under Commodore 
MacDonough {mak-do7i-o). 

43. The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain 
took place on the 11th. While the British, from their 
batteries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet en- 
gaged MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the 
bay of Plattsburg. In a little more than two hours Mac- 
Donough gained a complete victory. The fire from the 
land batteries then slackened, and, at nightfall, Prevost 
made a hasty retreat, having lost m killed, wounded, and 
desertions, about twenty-five hundred men. 

44. During the greater part of 1814, the whole Atlantic 
seaboard was locked up by British craisers, from which 



41 . What wa? the next movement of the British ? What occurred more than 
a month later ? How was the sieije brouirht to a close ? 

42. Who. after Tzard. had the command at Lake Champlain? What forces 
threatened the armj- and fleet there ? 

42. 4."?. Oive an acofMint of the two battles that occurred Sept. 11th. Where 
ia Lake Champlain ? (Map, p. 53.) Plattsburg ? (Map, p. 82.) 



126 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1814, 



descents were made upon 
small towns. In August, 
Stonington was bombarded, 
but witliout success. A lit- 
tle later in the month, a 
squadron entered the Pa- 
tux '-ent, and, at Benedict, 
landed five thousand men, 
commanded by Gen. Ross. 

45. An American flotilla 
was then lying in the Pa- 
tuxent, but, rather than 
have his boat^ fall into the 
hands of the invaders. Com- 
modore Barney burnt them. 
Koss's object Avas the cap- 
ture of Washington. In- 
stead, however, of making a 
direct march, he proceeded 
by the way of Bla'-dens- 
burg, where he met, Aug. 
24th, mth some opposition from the militia, under Gen. 
Win'-der, and a body of seamen and marines, under 
Barney. 

46. On the same day, Aug. 24th, he reached Washing- 
ton, and destroyed a large amount of property.* The 
capitol, with its library, the president's house, and other 
buildings were burned, and, next day, the British made 
a hasty retreat. In the mean time a division of the ene- 



/S^ -"* 


■•/?/4C£oC^^^ 




^9. T FORT MCHENRr-^ 


Y^ M^ 


fli >''^ 




f £""' 


J( ^Tt 


wmshingtonrQ -r*^ '? f 


s W'" ' 


ALEXANO/iAojL ii-fi L 


N^j^w 


,5_k 


< i \^ 




\^i-4> 






^'"''l' 




Wii 




3i\^ 


^VSSEA.A'^ V"^ i 


^^^'0/?fOiX 


V / °<J 


J^^ 


N I -" 


PORTSMOUTH 



Map Questions. —Name six rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Describe 
the Patuxent. Where is Benedict ? Bladensburg ? Washington ? Alexandria? 
Baltimore? FortMcIIcnrv? North Point ? 

44. What did British cruisers accomplish? What is said of Stonington? 
Where is Stonington y (Map, p. 24.) Wliat took place at Benedict * 

45. What action did Barney take ? What was Ross's object? State what 
hai)penod at Biadensburg. 

46. What destructiou was eflected at Washington ? What did the British 
effect at Alexandria ? 



* liead Notes 5 and 6, end of Section. 



1814.] 



MADISON S ADMINISTEATION. 



127 



my's fleet ascended the Potomac to Alexandria, and com- 
pelled the inhabitants of the town, on threat of bombard- 
ment, to surrender their merchandise and shipping. 

47. Ross next proceeded against Baltimore. On the 
12th of September he landed his troops at North Point, 
several miles from the city, while sixteen of the enemy's 
ships sailed up the Patapsco to bombard Fort McIIenry. 
On his march, Ross was killed in a skirmish, and the 
progress of the troops was then disputed, for more than 
an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strick'-er. Next 
day the enemy encamped near the defences of the city, 
to await the movements of the fleet. 

48. The bombardment of Fort McIIenry commenced 
on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the 
following morning, but without making any serious im- 
j^ression,* Gen. Brooke, Ross's successor, seeing no pros- 
pect of success against the city, embarked his troops, and 
the whole force of the enemy Avithdrew- 

49. During the summer, the authorities of Pensacola, 
then a Spanish port, allowed the British to take possession 

of their forts and fit out expeditions 

against the United States. On the 
15th of September, Fort Bowyer 
(bo'-yer), now Fort Morgan, was 
attacked by a British fleet, aided 
by a force of Indians and marines, 
but the assailants were repulsed, 
losing one of their ships and many 
men. The other ships eflected their 
escape to Pensacola. 

47. Against what place did Ross next proceed ? What further can you state 
of Ross 'i What took place on the 12th. after Ross's death ? 

48. The attack upon Fort McHenry. Brooke's subsequent movements. 

49. What wrong did the authorities of Pensacola permit ? The attack upon 
Fort Bowyer. Where is Fort Morgan y (Map, p. 120.) Mobile? Pensacola? 

* During the bombardment, Francis S. Key, an American detained on board 
onn of tliH enemy's vessels, during the bomb.irdineiit. wrote the national ode, 
The >Star-Spangled Bcumer. (Read Note 7, cud of Section.) 




MOBILE AND VICINITY, 



128 Madison's administration. [is 14. 

50. Jackson being in command at Mobile, marched to 
Pensacola at the head of three thousand men ; and, nego- 
tiations failing, seized the town and compelled the British 
to leave, lie then returned to Mobile, Avhence, learning 
that the British were preparing to invade Louisiana, he 
hastened to put New Orleans in a condition of defence. 

51. Toward the middle of December, a British squadron 
entered Lake Borgne {born)^ carrying twelve thousand 
troops, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham {pak'n-am), 
the first object of the expedition being to capture New 
Orleans. On the 14th, a flotilla of American gunboats 
was compelled to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson 
made a spirited though ineftectual attack upon an encamp- 
ment of the enemy's vanguard. On the 28th, and again 
on the first day of the new year, the British were unsuc- 
cessful in cannonading the intrenchments which Jackson 
liad thrown up four miles from the city. 

52. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a 
ofeneral advance aj^ainst the American intrenchments ; 
but volley after volley was poured u])on them with such 
terrible effect, that they were compelled to flee. Paken- 
ham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, 
wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only 
seven killed and six wounded.* (Note 8, end of Sec.) 

53. Although, during 1814, the Americans were gener- 
ally victorious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Capt. 
Porter, after a successful cruise of more than a year, was 
attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso (vahl-pah-r't'-so), 
]\rarcli 28th^by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. 
The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 

50. Jiickson's procedure agaiii.«t Peiii<acol)i ? JacksonV next movement ? 

51 . Wliat invasion in Dec. '; Wliere is L. Borgne ? (p. 120.) New Orleans ? 
Misfortune on Lake Borgne ? Attack l)y Jackson ? Two attacks by Pakenham ? 

52. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans ? 

53. Give an account of the cruise and loss of the Essex. (Note 9, end of Sec.) 

* " O Morse. O Cyrus Field, why were vou not ready with your Oceanic Tele- 
graph then, to tell those men of both armies, ***** ihat they were 
not enemies, but friends and brothers, and send them joyful into each other's 
arms, not in madness against each other's avm^.'"—Paj'ton'i> Life of Jackson. 



1814.] MADISON'S ADJIINISTEATTON. 129 

5i. A large number of citizens of the United States, 
rao.stly residents of Xew England, had been opposed to 
the war from its very commencement. They regarded it 
as entirely unnecessary ; besides, the losses which they 
were sustaining in'their commerce and fisheries, were not 
without influence upon them. (Read Xote 10, end of Sec.) 

55. For the puqjose of considering their grievances and 
devising means of redress, delegates met at Hartford, in 
December, 1814. The friends of President Madison 'and 
of the war looked upon this assemblage, commonly known 
as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable body ; 
but the doings of the members were, to say the least, 
harmless, their principal act being the recommendation 
of several amendments to the Constitution. After three 
weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. 

56. In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the 
United States that a treaty of peace had been signed at 
Ghent (,(/ent, not jent) on the 24th of December, 1814. 
The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon 
American commerce, an^ the impressment of American 
seamen — were left untouched by the treaty. The omis- 
sion, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the 
termination of the European war, all encroachments upon 
American commerce ceased ; and, by the great success of 
the American navy, the impressment question was effectu- 
ally disposed of. (Read Xote 11, end of Section.) 

57. Wak with Algiers. — In 1795 a treaty was made 
with Algiers,'in which it was stipulated that an annual 
tribute should be paid to that power, to secure American 
vessels from seizure by the Algerines. The tribute was 

54. By whom, and why were person-? opposed to the war? 

.5.5. Give what acconn't you can of the Hartford Convention. 

56. When did ho--tiiitie« between Great Britain and the United States cease ? 
In what respect wa= the treaty incomplete ? What rendered the omis.^ion of no 
conTMiquence * 

.57. What treaty wa? made in 1756 ? How Ion? did the XTnited States pay the 
tribute ? What practice did the Algerines resume ? 

Note.— For an accotmt of the loss of the Essex, see Xote 9, end of Section. 



130 MADISON'S ADMINISTEATION. 

accordingly pjiid until 1812, when the Algerines, believ- 
ing that the Americans, because of their war with the 
English, would not be able to protect their commerce, 
resumed their old practice of piracy against United States 
vessels. (See page 110.) 

58. After peace with England Avas established, a naval 
force, commanded l)y Decatur, Avas sent to the Mediter- 
ranean. Decatur captured the largest frigate in the Al- 
gerine navy, and another vessel with more than five hun- 
dred prisoners, and then appeared before Algiers. The 
terrified Dey was compelled to liberate the American 
prisoners in his hands, and relinquish all claim to tribute 
from the United States for the future. Decatur also made 
satisfactory treaties with Tunis and Tripoli. (Ap.p. oo.top.io.) 

59. The charter of the first Bank of the United States 
having expired in 1811, a second bank of the same name 
was incorporated in 1816. During Madison's adminis- 
tration two states were added to the Union : — Louisiana, 
previously the Territory of Orleans, in 1812;*and Indiana, 
formerly a part of the Xorthwest Territory, in 181G. 



CHRONOLOGICAL IIECAPITULATIOK 

1809. James Madison was inaugurated President March 4. 

1811. The U. S. frigate President defeated tlic Little Belt..lMay 10. 

Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe Nov. 7. 

1813. Louisiana was admitted into the Union April 8. 

United States proclaimed war against Great Britain. June 10. 

General Hull made an invasion of Canada Inly 12. 

Fort ^Mackinaw was surrendered to the British July 17. 

Tlie British defeated the Americans near Brownstown. Aug. 5. 

The Americans defeated the British near Bro^vnsto^vn . Aug. 9. 

The American frigate Essex captured the Alert Aug. 13. 

58. TTpon what expedition was Decatur sent ? Give an account of Decatur's 
successes. 

.lO. What is said of the Bank of the United States ? What is said of Louis- 
iana ? Of Indiana ? 

♦ In 18(Vt, the sontliern part of the " Louisiana Purrlinse," heinp: the territory of the 
present Stiite of LoiiiMiami, except the portion north of tlie Il)erville River, was 'constitiitort 
tlio Ti iiitori/ of Orleans. In 1SI2, the same was atlmiitoii as a state, the i)ortion north oltlio 
Ujorville hcing aiUleil a lew ihi.>s alter hy .Vet of C'oiiijress. 



Madison's administration. 181 



1812. Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock , An^. 16. 

American frigate Constitution took tlie Gucrricre. . .Aug. 10. 

The Americans were defeated at Queenstown Oct, 13. 

The American sloop Wasp captured the Frolic Oct. 18. 

American frigate United States took the Macedonian. Oct. 25. 
The American frigate Constitution took the Java. . .Dec. 20. 

1813. Winchester was defeated at French town Jan. 22. 

The American sloop Hornet captured the Peacock. .Feb. 24. 

The Americans captvu-cd York (now Toronto) April 27. 

Proctor laid siege to Fort Meigs May 1. 

Harrison and Clay defeated Proctor at Fort Meigs May 5. 

The Americans, under Dearborn, took Fort George. ]\Iay 27. 

Brown repulsed the British at Sackett's Harbor May 20. 

The British frigate Shannon took the Chesapeake., . .June 1. 
Croghan repulsed the British at Fort Stephenson. . . .Aug. 2. 

■ The British sloop Pelican captured the Argus .Aug. 14. 

Creek War began l)y the massacre at Fort Mims. , .Aug. 30. 
The American brig Enterprise captured the Boxer, .Sept. 5. 
Perry gained his victory over Barclay on Lake Erie. . Sept. 10. 
Harrison defeated Proctor at the battle of the Thames . , Oct, 5. 
Battle ofWilhamsburg or Chrysler's Field was fought. Nov. 11. 

1814. The battle of Tohopeka ended the Creek War. .\ .March 27. 

Two British vessels captured the Essex March 28. 

TJie British defeated Wilkinson at La Colle March 30. 

Scott and Ripley captured Fort Erie July 3. 

Brown defeated the British at Chippewa July 5. 

Battle of Lundy's Laue or Bridgewater was fought. .July 25. 
The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Eiie. . .Ang, 15, 

Ross defeated tlie Americans at Bladensburg Aug, 24, 

Ross entered Washington and fired public buildings. Aug, 24, 
MacDonough defeated the Britisli on L, Champlain. ,Sept, 11, 

Macomb defeated the British at Plattsburg . Sept. 11 

Battle of North Point, near Baltimore, was fought. .Sept, 12, 
The Americans repulsed British fleet at Ft, McHenry . Sept, 1 3. 
The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Bo wyer. Sept, 15, 
Brown made a sortie upon British works at Ft, Erie. . Sept. 17. 
Jackson compelled the British to leave Pensacola. . .Nov. 7. 
British squadron on Lake Borgne capt'd U. S. flotilla, Dec, 14, 

The delegates to the Hartford Convention met Dec, 15, 

The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent Dec. 24. 

1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans Jan. 8. 



132 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



1815, Congress declared war against Algiers March 2. 

Decatur was sent against the Algeiines May 21. 

1816. The Bank of U. S. was rechartered for twenty years . April 10. 
Indiana was admitted into the Union Dec. 11. 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH 
ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



WHERE FOUGHT, 



COMMANDERS. 



1812. 

Aug. 13, 

Aug. 19, 

Oct. IS, 

Oct. 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1813. 
Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aug. 14, 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10, 
1814. 

Mar. 28, 

Apr. 29, 

June 2S, 

Sept. 1, 

Sept. 11, 

Dec. 14, 

1815. 
Jan. 15, 

Feb. 20, 

Mar. 2.3, 



Off Newfoundland . . - 
Off Massachusetts... -| 
Off North Carolina . . -j 
Near Canary Islands. < 
Off San Salvador ....-} 



Off Deraarara . 



Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. Sloop Alert 

Am. Frig. Constitution.. 

Br. Frig. Gnerriere 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Brig Frolic 

Am. Frig United States. 

Br. Frig. Macedonian 

Am. Frig. Constitution. 
Br. Friir. Java 



Massachusetts Bay . . 
British Channel 



Off coast of Maine , 
Lake Eric 



Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. BriiT Peacock 

! Am. Frig. Chesapeake.. 

, Br. Frig. Siiannon 

I Am. Brig Argus 

I Br. Sloop Pelican 

I Am. Brig Enleri)risc ... 

Br. Brig Bo.xer . 

; Am. 9 vessels, 54 guns . 
j Br. (J vessels, (53 guns. . . 



Harbor of Valparaiso -j 

Offcoast of Florida., -j 
Near British Channel \ 



Near Africa 



Lake Champlain 

Lake Borgue 



Am. Frisr. Essex 

Br. Brig Pha^be 

Br. Sloop Cherub 

Am. Sloop Peacock . . . . 

Br. Briir Epervier 

Am. Sloo]) Wasp 

Br. Sloop Reindeer 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Sloop Avon 

Am. 14 vessels. 86 guns. 
Br. IT vessels. 95 guns.. 

Am. 5 gunboats 

Br. 40 barges 



r\(r XT.,, . T ,.-„ , i Am. Frig. President . . . 
Off New Jersey -j | p,. (Sqifadron) 

( i Am. FriiT. Constitution. 
I Off Island of Madeira-^ j Br. Ship Cvane 

/ Br. Siiip Levant .. 

i 0(V Rrayil ' ' ^'"- ^'""'^ Hornet 

*^" ^'^^^" 1 Br. Brig Penguin 



Porter.* 

Laugharne, 

Hull.* 

Dacrcs. 

Jones.* 

Whinyates. 

Decatur.* 

Carden. 

Bainbridge. 

Lambert. 



Lawrence.* 

Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burrows.* 

Blythe. 

Perry.* 

Barclay. 



Porter. 

HilJvar.* 

Tucker. 

Warrington. 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

Blakely.* 

Arbuthnot. 

McDonough 

Downie. 

Jones. 

Lockyer.* 

Decatur. 

Hayes.* 

Stewart.* 

Falcon. 

Dousrlass, 

Biddlc.* 

Dickenson, 



NoTK.— During the buttle on Luke Erie, "Captain Perry, finding himself in a 



MADISOX S ADMINISTRATION. 



133 



PRINX'IPAL LAXD BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITU ENGLAXD. 
* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



COMMANDERS. 



MEN EXGAGED. | 



American. British. ;Amer'n British. 



Am 



1812. 
Auir. 5, 

Oct. 13, 

1813. 
Jan. 2-2. 
A^jril 2T, 
Mav 5. 
May ^.i, 
Auir. 2, 

Oct: -J. 

Hov. 11. 

1814. 
Mar. .30, 
July .5. 
July 2.5. 
Auir. 15, 
Au^. -24, 
Sept, 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 13. 
Sept. 1'}, 
Sept. IT. 
Dec. 23, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 



I I 

Brownstown Van Horn Tecaraseh*. 



j- Miller* Tecumseh. 

Van Rensselaer Brock* 



Ma:,'uai,'-a, or 2d of 

Brown >town 

Queenstowu 



Frenchtown Winchester — Proctor* . . . 

York ■ Pike*. Sheaffe 

Fort Meigs f ,'lay* Proctor 

Sackett's Harbor. . Brown* Prevost 

Fort Stephenson . . Crot^han* Proctor 

Thames Harrison* Proctor 

Chrysler's Field . . . Boyd Morrison . . , 



200 j 

eoo I 

1,200 ! 



900 
2,500 



La CoUe 

Chippewa 

Lundy"s Lane 

Fort Erie fassaalt). 

Bladensburg 

Plattsbur^ 

North Point 

Fort McHenry 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie) . . 
9 miles from N. O. 



I Wilkinson Fxancock*. . . 

Brown* Riall 

Brown* Drummond. 

Gaines* Drummond. 

Winder Ross* 

• Macrjmb* Prevost 

i Strieker Brooke* 

i Arm! stead*.. . . Cochrane. . . 

Lawrence* Nicholls 

Brown* Drummond 

, Jackson , Keane 



800 
l.TW 
1.200 

i.(m 
1.% 

2..500 
1,2(XJ 

4,fX>0 
l.'.KXJ 
3.5(X) 

2.rm 

3..W) 
3.fXX) 
2.W) 



1.500 
1.5fJ0 
2.00f) 
l.(XK) 
1.300 
2,(XX) 
2,(XK) 



2.000 
2.100 
S.fXX) 
o.fXX) 
5.(KX) 

i4.rx»o 

5.(X)0 
l.rxX) IG ships 

12rj ] 

2..5<X) ! 3.500 
2,(XXJ 2,500 



New Orleans I Jackson* Pakenham. 



6,000 12,000 



REVIEW C^UESTIONS. 

PAGE 

Nime the first ten important events of Madison's administration 130 

Give an account of the events of 1811 114 

What were the causes of the second war with Eng^land ? Ill, 115 

Give an account of the expedition under General Hull 115, IIG 

Give an a.,count of General Van Rensselaer's campaign 110 

What account can you give of General Brock ': IIG 

Give an account of the action between the Alert and Essex 117. 132 

Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere 117. 132 

Of the action between the United States and Macedonian 117, 132 

Of the action between the Constitution and Java 117 

Now state, in chronological order, the naval events of 1812 117. 132 

Name, in chronological order, thirteen important events of 1812 130, 131 



vessel (Tiis flag-ship, the Lawrence), that had been rendered nearly useless by 
trie injuries she had received, aiid which was dropping out of the combat, got 
into his boat, and pulled after the I^iagara (of his Heet). on board of which vessel 
he arrived at about half-past two." — Cooper's UUt. of Uie ^'avy of the U. /S'. 



134 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

13. State what you can of General Winchester 118 

14. When, where, and why, was Fort Meigs built ? 118 

15. Give the further history of Fort Meigs 118, 119 

IG. State what you can in relation to Major Croghan 110 

17. State what you can in relation to Commodore Perry 110 

IS. Give an account of Tecumseh 114, l-?0 

19. Give an account of General Harrison 114, 118, 119, 120 

20. Give a full account of the Creek War 120, 121 

21. Wliat movement did Dearborn make in April, 1813 ? 121 

22. State what you can in relation to General Pike 121 

23. What success did Dearborn afterward have ? 12t 

24. Now, give a full account of Dearborn's part in the war 118-121 

2,"). Give a full account of Wilkinson's part in the war 122-124 

2(5. Of the action between the Chesapeake and the Shannon 122, 123, 132 

27. Give an account of the career of the Argus 12.3, 132 

28. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 12.3, 1-32 

29. Name, in order, five naval events of 1813 ].32 

30. Name, in order, fifteen important events of 1813 1 31 

Si.. State how the Americans captured Fort Erie 124 

32. Give a full account of the battle of Chippewa 124, 133 

33. Give a full account of the battle of Lundy's Lane 124, l:i3 

34. Give, as far as you can, the history of Fort Erie 124, 125 

35. State all you can in relation to General Brown 121, 12.3-125 

36. Give an account of the Battle of Lake Champlain 125, 132 

37. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg 125, l;i3 

38. State what you can in relation to Sir George Prcvost 121, 125 

39. Give an account of naval affixirs during 1814 125, 120, 128 

40. IIow and when did General Ross commence operations ? 126 

41. Give an account of his march from Benedict to Washington 126 

42. Of his acts at Washington, and death near Baltimore 126, 127 

43. Now give the whole account in relation to Ross 126, 127 

44. State what is said in connection with Pensacola 127, 128 

45. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Bowyer 127 

4(5. Of Pakenham's movements in December, 1814 128 

47. Of the disaster to the Americans on Lake Borgnc . . '. 128 

48. Of the defeat and death of Pakenham 128 

40. Now give the full account of Pakcnham's expedition 128 

50. Give the history and doings of the Hartford Convention 129 

51. Give the particulars in relation to the treaty of peace 129 

.52. Name six naval events of 1814 1.32 

53. Name, in order, nineteen important events of that year 131 

54. Name three important events of 1815 131, 132 

55. Give an account of the troubles with Algiers 129, i:i(] 

56. Give a full account of the troubles with the Barbary powers 110, 129, 130 

57. Give the history of Louisiana 110, 128, 130 

58. IIow did Louisiana get its name? Ans. The whole country watered 

by the Mississippi was taken possession of by tlie French, in 1682, 
and named Louisiana, in honor of the French king, Louis XIV. 

59. Whence did Indiana get its name? From the word Indian. It was 

firsr applied, in 1768, to a grant of land near the Ohio, which a com- 
pany of traders that year obtained from the Indians. 



NOTES. 



1. Sufferings of American Prisoners in Dartmoor Prison 

(Note p. 114;.— '^ The winter (of 181:5-11; set iu with a .severity not Itlt belore for 
half a century. The mountain on which the prison stood was covered with 
snow to the depth of from two to four feet. The stream running through the 
prison yard, and the bucJiets of water in the rooms, were frozen solid. Most 
of the prisoners being protected only by rags, and destitute of shoes, could not 
go out into the yard at all, for it was covered with snow, but they lay crouched 
in their hammocks aU day and all night. The strong were bowed in gloom and 
despair, and the weak perished in protracted agonies. To fill up the measure 
of their sufferings, the commanding officer issued an order compelling them to 
turn out at nine o'clock in the morning, and stand up in the yard till the guard 
counted them. This took nearly an hour, during which time the poor fellows 
stood barefoot in the snow, benumbed by the cold, and pierced by the bleak 
wind. Unable to bear this dreadful exposure, the prisoners cut up their bed- 
ding, and made garments and socks for their feet, and slept on the cold floor. 
Morning after morning, hardy men, overcome by the cold, fell lifeless in the 
presence of their keepers." — Headley's Second War vjiih England. 

2. Hallos Surrender of Detroit (p. 116, ^ 8).— "General HuU had 
been in many battles of the revolution. He had led a column of Waj-ne's troops 
at the taking of Stony Point, and for his conduct in that action received the 
thanks of Washington, and promotion in the service. He was in the midst of 
the battle of White Plains, and was there wounded. He was in the battles of 
Trenton and Princeton. He fought at Ticonderoga, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, 
Monmouth and other places, and led regiments and battalions in most of these 

battles Is it likely, therefore, that he should have been the only man in 

his army disabled by fear from fighting General Brock ? What, then, were his 
reasons as given by himself? General Hull was now in the position in which, as 
he had stated to the administration before the war, Detroit must fall. His com- 
munications to Ohio were cut off by^the Indians in the woods; his communica- 
tions by the lakes were cut off by the British vessels ; and he had no co-operation 
at Niagara. K he should fight a battle, and defeat the British army, his fate 
would not be less inevitable, for a victory would not re-open his communications. 
Besides this, his forces were vastly inferior to those of the enemy, his provisions 
were nearly exhausted, and there was no possibility of obtaining a supply from 
any quarter. If he were to fight, he would save his own reputation, but could 
not save the army or territory, and he would be exposing the defenseless iahat)- 
itants of Michigan to all the horrors of Indian warfare, without a reason or an 
object. Under these circumstances, it would be the part of a selfish man to 
fight. It was the jiart of a brave and generous man to hazard the sacrifice of 
his own reputation as a solflier, and his own selfish feelings, to his duty as a 
governor and a man. General Hull did the last, and never regretted it for a 
moment. He was asked, on his death-bed, whether he still believed he had done 
right in the surrender of Detroit, and he replied that he did, and was thankful 
that he had been enabled to do so." — Jameis Freeman Clarke's Carnpai(/n of 1812. 

3. After the Battle of Tohopeka {p. 121, *" 25).—" The grim general 
(-Jackson) who x^resided over this bloody scene, had still a tender spot in his 
heart. Moved by the wail of an Indian infant, picked up from the field, whose 
mother had perished during the battle. -Jackson strove to induce some nursing 
woman among the i^risoners to take care of it. ' Its mother is dead,' was the 
cold answer, ' let the child die too.' The general, himself a childless man, then 
turned nurse himself. Some brown sugar formed a \r&rt of his private storeS; 
and with this he caused the child t^ be fed. He even took it home with him, 
and reared it up in his own family. The Indian boy, thus cared for, grew a 



KOTES. 



bright aud thriving boy, and, when ho camo of age, having meanwhile chosen 
and learned a trade, he was comfortably established as a saddler at Nashville." 
The defeat of the Indians entirely broke their spirits, and they beyan to come 
into Fort Jackson. "Among these suppliants was Wetherford, the chief who 
had been so active in commencing the war. 'I fought at Fort Minis,' such 
was his address to Jackson; 'I fought the army of Georgia. I did you all the 
injury I could. Had I been supported as I was promised, I would have done 
more. But my warriors are killed, and I can light no longer. I look back with 
sorrow that I have brought destruction on my nation. I am now in your power, 
do Avith me as you please. I, too, am a warrior.' In spite of the murmurs of 
the volunteers, Wetherlord's life was spared, aud the same lenient policy was 
adopted by Jackson with all w^ho came in." — Ilildnith's History of the U. S. 

4. Dou't trive up tlie Sliip (p. 123, "ff 33).—'- At half-past five the actitJn 
commenced with great spirit on both sides. The firstbroadsides were, however, 
remarkably fatal to the officers of the Chesapeake. In a few minutes the master 
was killed, and tour lieutenants were severely wounded. Shortly afterward Cap- 
tain Lawrence received a dangerous Avound, but remained on the deck, issuing 
]iis orders with perfect composure. The fire of the Chesapeake Avas directed 
Avith evident eflect against the hull of the Shannon; that of the latter Avas aimed 
at the rigging of the Chesapeake, Avith such success, that in twelve minutes from 
the ciommencement of the action, she fell foul of her antagonist. A raking lire 
Avas now poured into her frt)m the Shannon; and Captain Broke, seeing that her 
decks Avere nearly swept of the creAV, took the opportimity of boarding at the 
head of his marines. At this moment Captain LaAvrence, Avho had persisted in 
remaining on deck, received a mortal wound, and A\'as carried belOAV. It Avas at 
this period that hft uttered those emphatic Avords, since so justly celebrated, 
' Don't gii'e up the ship.' In a fcAV minutes the enemy obtained possession of the 
vessel, aud for the first time since the declai-atiou of AA'ar the British flag Avas 
hoisted on an American vessel." — Kamsai/'s llistori/ of the United States. 

5. Burning of tlie City of Wasliingtou (p. 126, IT 46).— •' This,' 
says an olficer in lloss's army, 'was a night of dismay to the inhabitants of 
Washington. The streets Avere crowded Avith men, Avomen, and children, horses, 
carriages, aud carts loaded Avith household furniture, all liasteniug towards a 

Avooden bridge Avhich crosses the Potomac.'" " At a small beer house 

opposite to the Treasury, fire Avas procured AA'ith Avhich the Treasury and then 
the President's house, A\-ere set fire to. Before setting fire to the latter buildiug, 
it Avas ransacked for booty, especially for objects of curiosity, to be carried off 
as spoils; but feAv AA'ere found. Some pictures and books, chosen from Mr. 
Madison's library, Avere all that were deemed AA'orth preserving, except a small 
parcel of pencil notes, Avhich, during the last fcAv days, had been received by 
Mrs. Madison from her husband, AAhile he Avas with the troops, and Avhich she had 
rolled up together and put into a table draAver. To all the rest of the contents 
of the building— furniture, Avines, provisions, groceries, and family stores, to- 
gether Avith an excellent library— the torch AA'as applied. After incendiarism 
had done its Avorst, both at the President's house and the Navy Yard, indiscrim- 
inate pillage closed the scene But the day's victory and night's devasta- 
tion brought the conquerors to a pause and vcth-enicut."— I ngcrsoll's Sicond ir<u- 
with Great Jirilain. 

6. Tl^liat Avas tliouglit In England of the Injury done to 
Wasltingrou (p. 126).—'- In England there Avas a general feeling that, however 
brilliant had been the attack upon Washington, the destruction of non-warlike 
buildings Avas something more thau a mistake. It was an outrage inconsistent 



XOTES. 



with civilized warfare. Lord Grenville, with dignified earnestness, lamented a 
departure from a system of forbearance which had been pursued even by Napo- 
leon during a conflict of twenty years, in whoSe hands nearly all the capitals of 
Europe had been, and in no instance, except in that of the Kremlin of Moscow, 
were any unmiUtary buildings destroyed. We had done, said Mr. Whitbread, 
what the Goths ha<l refused to do at Kome, when Belisarius represented to them 
that to destroy works of art was to erect a monument to the folly of the destroy- 
ers. He maintained that the outrage at "Washington had conciliated to the 
American government those parts of the United States which were before hostile 
to it; had put in motion battalions of militia which before were not allowed to 
march. It had united ah. It had made determined opposition to England a 
common interest. Whether to the destruction of the jiublic buildings in Wash- 
ington may be attributed the extraordinary vigor which seemed now to bo 
infused into the miUtary character of the American democracy, it is certain 
that, after that event, the course of the war was one of almost imvarying success 
to their arms." — KnighVs History of England. 

7. Tlie Star-s|»augled Banner (p. 127).— "During the tremendous 
bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key lay in a little vessel tinder the 
British admiral's frigate. He had visited the fleet for the purpose of obtaining 
an exchange of some prisoners of war, especially of ons who was a personal 
friend, and was directed to remain till after the action. During the day his eye 
had rested eagerly on that low fortification over which the flag of his country 
was flying; and he watched with the intensest anxiety the progress of ea<;h shell 
in its flight, rejoicing when it fell short of its aim, and filled with fear as he saw 
it descend without exploding within those silent enclosures. At night, when 
darkness shut out that object of sounuch and intense interest, around which 
every hope and desire of his life seemed to cling, he stiU stood straining his eyes 
through the gloom, to catch, if he could, by the light of the blazing shells, a 
glimpse of his country's flag, waving proudly in the storm. The early dawn 
found him still a watcher; and there, to the music of bursting shells and the 
roar of cannon, he composed • The Star-spangled Banner.' "—UeaMey's Strj/n/l 
War vjith England. 

8. Jackson's Cotton-bale Defenses of New Orleans (p. 128, 
T 52;. — '■' Each company had its own line of embankment to throw up, which it 
called its castle, and strained every muscle in fierce but friendly rivalry to make 
it overtop the castles of the rest. The nature of the soil rendered the task one 
of peculiar difficulty. Dig down three feet anywhere in that singular plain, and 
you come to water. Earth soon becomes the scarcest of commodities near the 
lines, and had to be brought from far after the first hours. An idea occurs to an 
ingenioua.French intellect. Cotton bale.i .' The town is full of cotton. And, lo, 
here, close to the lines, is a vessel laden ynth cotton, waiting for a chance to get 
to sea. The idea, however, plausible as it was, did not stand the test of service. 
The first cannonade knocked the cotton bales about in a manner that made 
General Jackson more eager to get rid of them than he had been to use them. 
Some of the bales, too, caught fire, and made a most intolerable and persistent 
smoke, so that, before the final conflict, every pound of cotton was removed 
from the lines. A similar error was made by the enemy, who, supiiosing that 
sugar would offer resistance to cannon-balls equal to sand, employed hogsheads 
of sugar in the formation of their batteries. The first ball that knocked a hogs- 
head to x^i'ices, and kept on its destructive way unchecked, convinced them that 
sugar and sand, though often found together, have little in common." — FarUm's 
Life of Jaclcion. 



NOTES. 



9, Tlic Loss of tlic Essex (p. 128, U 53).— " There was uo louger any 
chauce oi saviuj^' the ship. To add to her distress, she was ou fire, the flames com- 
ing up both the maiu aud forward hatchways, aud lor a few miuutes it was 
thought she must cousume. To add to the horrors of the sceue, au explosion of 
powder also occurred below; aud Captain Porter told his people, that in prefer- 
ence to being blown up, all who chose to incur the risk might make the attempt 
to reach the shore by swimming. Many availed themselves of the permissiou, 
and some succeeded in effecting their escape. Others perished ; while a few, 
after drifting about on bits of spars, were picked up by the boats of the enemy. 
Much the greater part of the crew, however, remained iu the shij), and they set 
about to extinguish the flames, the shot of the enemy committing its havoc the 
whole time. Fortunately, the fire was got under, when the few brave meu who 
were left went again to the guns; but the enemy, iu perfectly smooth water, was 
firing his long eighteens at a nearly imrcsistiug ship, Avith as much precision as 
he could have discharged them at a target. It had become au imperative duty, 
therefore, to strike, aud the colors were accordingly hauled down — thousands of 
persons on shore being witnesses— after one of the most remarkable combats 
that is to bo found in the history of naval warfare."— Cooper's Naval History of 
Ihe Vnitcd States. 

10, Tlic Hartford Coiivcmtioii (p. 129, H 55).— "The troops of the 
United States, intended for defoudiug the sea-coast, had beeu withdrawn to 
•parry ou the war in Canada. A British squadrou was stationed in Long Island 
sSouud to prevent the escape of a frigate from New London, aud to intercept our 
coasting trade; one town iu Maine was in possession of the British forces; the 
banks south of New England had all suspended the payment of specie ; our ship- 
ping lay iu our harbor, embargoed, dismantled, aud perishing; the treasury of 
the United States was exhausted to the last cent, and a general gloom was spread 
over the country. In this condition of affairs, a number of geutlemeu in North- 
ampton, Mass., determined to invite some of the principal inhabitants of the 
three counties on the Connecticut foi-mcrly comprising the old county of 
Hampshire, to meet and consider w'hether any measures could not be taken to 
arrest the coutiniaance of the war." Out of this grew the Hartford Convention. 
" The citizens had the same right then to meet in convention as they have now. 
The distresses of the country demanded cxtraordiuai-y measures for redress. 
The thought of dissolving the Union never entered into the head of any member 
of the Convention. The gentlemen who composed it, for talents and patriotism. 
Lave never beeu surpassed by any assembly in the United States; aud, beyond a 
question, the appointment of tho Hartford Convention had a very favorable 
effect iu hastening the conclusion of a treaty of i)eace. All tho reports which 
have been circulated respecting tho evil designs of that Convention I know to bo 
tho foulest misrepresentations."— lYoa/i Webster's Skfiches of American Policy. 

11, Peaces Peace! (p. 129, IT 56).— "No victory ever so electrified the 
nation as the news of this peace. Tho ship that bore the glad intelligence 
reached New York on Saturday evening, February 11th, an hour after dark." . . 
"In half an hour after, Broadway was one living sea of shoutiug, rejoicing peo- 
ple. 'Peace I peace! peace!' was the deep, harmonious, uuivnrsal anthem. 
The whole spectacle was enlivened by a sudden inspiration. Somebody camo 
with a torch; the bright idea passed into a thousand brains. In a few minutes 
thousands and tens of thousands of people were marching about with caudles, 
lamps, torches— making tho jubilant street appear like a gay and gorgeous pro- 
cession. The whole night Broadway sang its simg of peace; and the next day, 
Sunday, all tho churches scut up hymua of thanksgiving for tho joyous tidiugs." 
— aS^. G. Goodrich. 



1817.1 Monroe's administhation. 135 



SECTION VII. 

JF^om the beginning of Monroe^s Administration to the 
close of Pierce's: 1817 ^o 1857. 

1. Monroe's Admixistkatiox. — James Monroe, of Vir- 
ginia, Madison's successor in the presidency, was inaugu- 
rated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and liis administration 
commenced under very favorable circumstances. We 
were at peace with all foreign powers ; our commerce 
rode every sea ; and the strife at home, between the two 
^reat political parties. Democrats and Federalists, had en- 
tirely ceased. 

2. Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles {sem'-i-nolz) 
of Florida, joined by other Indians, commenced depreda- 
tions on the frontier settlements of Georgia. At first 
Gen. Gaines, and, afterward. Gen. Jackson, was sent 
against them. Being convinced that the Indians had 
been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, Jack- 
son marched into that province, though, at the time, it 
belonged to Spain; seized the fort at St. Mark's; exe- 
cuted two instigators of the war, both British subjects ; 
and sent the authorities of Pensacola to Havana. (Note 1.) 

3. This having led to difficulties between the govern- 
ments of Spain and the United States, a treaty was finally 
made in 1819, by which Florida was ceded to the United 
States, but Spain did not surrender possession of the ter- 
ritory before 1821. The Mississippi Territory, embracing 

1 . When was Monroe inau<4tiralecl ? Condition of the country at that time ? 

2. Give an account of the troubles in Florida. 

3. State how Florida came into the posges^^ion of the United States. Where 
is St. Marks ? (p. 174.) What is said of tlie State of Mississippi ? 

Note.— "Shortly after his inauguration, Monroe, imitating the example of 
Washington, set out on a tour through the Eastern States. His declaration of 
principles in his inaugural address had been highly satisfactory to tlie Federal- 
ists, and at Boston he was received with most elaborate pomp. Embittered and 
hot-tempered leaders of parties, who for the last seven years had hardly deigned 
to speak to each other, or even to walk on the same side of the street, met now 
with smiling faces, vying in extravagance of republican loyalty. The 'era of 
good feeling' having thus begun, the way was rapidly paved for that complete 
amalgamation of parties which took place a few years aiier. ""—HUareth's Hist. 

u. s: 



136 Monroe's administration. [is it. 



the present states of Alabama and IVIississippi, was di- 
vided in 1817, and. the western portion admitted into tlie 
Union as the State of JVIississippi. (App., p. 71, topic 109.) 

4. Illinois, which, up to 1800, was a part of the North- 
west Territory ; and then, till 1809, formed with Indiana 
,the Indiana Territory ; and subsequently, by itself, was 
the Illinois Territory ; became a state in 1818. Alabama 
was admitted in 1819. In 1820, JNIaine, Avhich had u]) to 
that time been a district of Massachusetts, was organized 
as a state, and admitted into the Union. (P. 100, ^ G.) 

5. The most important event during JNIonroe's admin- 
istration was the controversy preceding the admission of 
Missouri into the Union. The states of the North op- 
posed its admission as a slave-state, while those of the 
South favored such admission. (App., p. 71, topic 116.) 

6. In Congress the debate was long and violent ; but 
at length, in 1820, a bill, known as the "Missouri Com- 
promise," was passed, by w^hich it was declared that, with 
the exception of jNlissouri, slavery should be proliibited 
in the territory of the United States north of the parallel 
36° 30', and west of the Mississippi. Under this com- 
promise, INIissouri, with a constitution permitting slavery, 
was admitted into the Union in 1821. (Page 151, ^ 57.) 

7. An important event of Monroe's administration was 
the recognition of the independence of the South Ameri- 
can republics. In his ainuuxl message of 1823, Monroe 
declared that the American continents "are henceforth 
not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by 
any European })ower." This is known as the " Monroe 



4. Wliat is said of Illinois? Of Alabama? Of Maine? 

5. What was tiie most important cvout during Alonroo's administration? 
How were tiio states divided ? 

6. When was the ^lissouri Compromise Act passed? What declaration was 
made in the act ? When was Missouri admitted into the I'nion ? 

7. What other imj)ortant event of Monroe'e administration is mentioned? 
What is the Monroe l)octrinc ? 



1825.1 JOHN Q. ADAMs's ADM INISTJIATION. 137 



8. In the Slimmer of 1824, Lafjiyette arrived on a visit 
to this country, as a guest of the nation. His tour 
through the states was everywliere signalized by tokens 
of respect from a grateful people * In the fall of the same 
year, the election for president took place ; but, in conse- 
quence of there being four candidates, and no one receiv- 
ing a majority of the electoral votes, the election went to 
the House of llepresentatives, by whom (in 1825) John 
Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was chosen. 

9. JoiiN^ Quincy Adams's Administration. — The in~ 
auguration of vVdams took place on the 4th of March, 
1825. His administration of lour years was one of peace, 
and under it the nation made ra[)id increase in population 
and wealth. (Read Note 2, end of Section.) 

10. On the fiftieth anniversary of American Independ- 
ence, July the 4th, 182G, occurred the deaths of the two 
venerable ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jeffer- 
son. AVhen it is recollected that Adams and Jefferson 
were nieml)ers of the committee to ])i'('pare the decla- 
ration of Inde])endencc, that both liad been foreign min- 
isters, vice-presidents, and presidents, the coincidence in 
tlieir deaths is indeed remarkable. 

11. The subject of domestic manufiictures engaged a 
large share of the president's attention. In 1828 a tariff 
law was ])assed, based upon the ])rinciple of })i-otecting 
home manufactures by imposing heavy duties u])on im- 
ported articles of the same kin<l. Tiiis policy, known as 
the Americdn f^f/slen/^ had its friends and ()pi)onents then 
as it has now. 

12. Toward the close of the presidential term, the con- 

8. What is said of Lafayette ? State how John Quincy Adams was elected 
president. 

9. When Avaf> Adams inaii^niratod ? What is Bald of his adminiptration ? 

10. When did Jctlcisoii iiiid Joliii Adams dicV What, coincidence! in their 
lives and deaths oecuinfd ? What took place on tlie 4tli of July, just five years 
after? A?if!. The fioatli of James Monroe. 

1 1 , What can you state of the tariff policy known as the American system ? 



Read Note 3 -Lafayette, the Guest of tlie Nation— end of Section. 



138 Jackson's administration. [1829. 



test for the succession was carried on -vvitli great bitter- 
ness of party feeling. Adams was a candidate for a sec- 
ond term, but was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of 
Tennessee. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, then 
Vice-President, having been elected four years before, 
was again chosen to that office. 

13. Jacksox's Administration. — Jackson's inaugura- 
tion took place on the 4th of March, 1829, and he at once 
commenced a series of vigorous measures, which he car- 
ried out for eight years. The practice of removing office- 
holders and appointing political friends of the president, 
was begun by Jackson. 

14. In his first annual message to Congress, the new 
president took ground against the renewal of the charter 
of the United States Bank. Notwithstanding the objec- 
tion, Congress, in 1832, passed a bill to re-charter it, but 
Jackson vetoed the bill, and the bank consequently ceased 
to be a national institution when the charter expired. 

15. In 1832 the northwest frontier suffi?red from Indian 
hostilities. Black Hawk, the most noted of the savages, 
and from whom the contest that followed took its name, 
was taken prisoner. The Indians finally gave up a large 
tract of territory and removed further west. 

16. The tariff law of 1828 caused dissatisfaction among 
the people of the cotton-growing states ; and though, in 
1832, an act was passed removing some of the duties on 
foreign goods, the feeling was greatly increased, A con- 
vention in South Carolina declared the tariff acts uncon- 
stitutional, and therefore null ; and proclaimed that if any 

12. What is stated of the presidential canvass of 1S28 ? Give the result. 

13. When was Jackson inaugurated ? What is said of his measures ? What 
is said of the practice he be2;an ? 

14. What is stated in relation to the Ignited States Bank? 
1 5. Give an account of the Black Hawk War. 

16. What is said of the tariff act of 1828? Of the act of 1832? What was 
done, in consequence, in South Carolina? 

Note. —Durinfi Jackson's term. France, after a long and trouhlesomo delay, 
paid to the United States five millions of dollars for injury done to American 
commerce by the French. 



1835.] 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



139 



attempts were made to collect the duties, the state would 
secede from the Union. 

17. Jackson acted with promptness and firmness. He 
sent Gen. Scott to Charleston, and issued a proclamation 
against the " nuUifiers." A "compromise bill," providing 
for the gradual reduction of the duties, was offered by 
Henry Clay, and passed by Congress. It was accepted 
by Calhoun, Hayne, and the other South Carolina leaders, 
and thus quiet was restored.* 

18. Toward the close of 1835, the Seminoles became 
hostile, in consequence of an attempt to remove them to 
lands west of the Missis- 
sippi, in accordance with 
a treaty wliich had been 
made with some of the 
chiefs, but which others 
did not consider bindin 
Osceola (os-e-o'-lah) 
most noted chief, having, 
in his opposition, used 
threatening language, Gen. 
Thompson, the govern- 



their 




ment agent, put him in irons ; but by feigning penitence 
and making promises, he soon obtained his liberty. 

19. On the 28th of December, Osceola, resolved upon 
vengeance, approached a house in which Thompson and 
others were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed 
five of the party, including Thompson. On the same 
day. Major Dade, while marching with more than a hun- 
dred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was at- 



17. 0\ve the subsequent history of the attempt at " Nullification. '' 

18. What troubles commenced in 1835? How was Osceola treated? Hom: 
did he regain his liberty ? 

19. How was Osceola revenged ? How was he revenged at Fort Drane ? 

* " Henry Clay proposed that the duties upon articles imported from foreign countries, 
and not comiiif^ into competition with similar articles made or produced witliiu the United 
States, be abolished, except the duties upon wines and silks, and that those be reduced. A 
bill in accordance with this proposition pa.ssed both Houses, and was signed by the President 
(I8'i2)."—rart(m's Lift of Jackson. 



1-40 VAN BUREN's administration. 118ST, 



tac'kod, and, witli liis wliole force except r«>ur men, was 
massacred. 

20. A number of battles were fought during tlie follow- 
ing year ; but in none could the Americans claim a de- 
cided victory. In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in 
the American camp with a Hag of truce, when (ien. Jessup 
seized the chief, and sent him to Fort jNloidtrie. Two 
months later, Col. Taylor, afterward ])i-esident of the 
United States, defeated the Indians near Lake O-kee-cho- 
bee, in the most desperate battle of the war; and though 
they continued hostile till 184i.\ they never again rallied 
in large force. 

21. Van Buren's Ai>MiNisru.vTioN. — Jackson was suc- 
ceeded in the presidency by JNIartin Van Huren, of New 
York. Van l)uren served only one term, or four years, 
extending iVom the 4th of IMarch, 1887, to the 4th of 
INIarch, 1841. (See App., ]>. 75, topic 172.) 

22. Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in mone- 
tary atfairs took ])lace, i)roducing great distress in all 
branches of business throughout the country. ^Merchants 
failed, commerce and manufactures were i)rostrated, and 
the crash was iinally consummated by the suspension of 
specie payments on the part of the banks. 

23. In the latter part of 1837 a rebellion broke out in 
Canada, which enlisted the sympathies aiul engaged the 
active co-operation of many citizens of the United States. 
A iTi-oclamation, issued by the president, forbidding inter- 
ference in the alfairs of Canada, together with the decided 
measures of the British authorities, had the effect intend- 
ed, and the attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 

20. What is said in n'hition to tlio battles rou>'hl in ISSG? Wliat took place 
in October, 18:]T? What lurtlicr can you say of Osceola ? Aiiii. He died about 
three months after, while at Fcut Moultrie. Give an accouut of tho battle of 
Okeechobee. What were the consequences ? 

2 ' . Who sncceedod Jackson in tlie presidency? When was Van Buien iu- 
au-iiinited ? 

22. <iivc an account of tlio revolution in monetary aflairs. 

23. Give au account of the iusurrectiou iu Couada. 



18 11.] harrihon's and tylek's administrations. 141 

24. Harrison's and Tyler's Administrations. — Van 
]5ureri's successor in oftico was Williuin llciny Harrison, 
of Ohio, the "liero ofTippeciinoe and the Thurnes." The 
cabinet of tlie new president was judiciously chosen, and 
the people anticipated for liim a successful administration ; 
but, on tlie 4th of April, 1841, just one month aftei' liis 
inauguration, he died ; and the vice-president, John Tyler, 
on takinuj the oath of office two days after, became presi- 
dent. (See App., p. 08, topic 09.) 

25. In 1842 serious difiiculties occurred in Rhode 
Island, growing out of a movement to su}>stitute a con- 
stitution extending the right of suffrage, in place of the 
charter granted by Charles II., in 100:3, and which had 
been the " fundamental law of the land" the greater part 
of two centuries. The " suffrage party" atteni})ted to 
effect the cliange witliout regai'd to existing laws, even 
resorting to force; but the legitimate power prevailed. 
A constitution, tlie one under whicli the state is now gov- 
erned, was soon after ado])t('d. (See p. ;n, ^[ 44.) 

26. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the 
Union caused an excited discussion tlirouirhout the 
country during the closing months of Tyler's administra- 
tion. Those who objected to an increase of the slave- 
power in the government, o])posed the proposition ; while 
those who favored such increase, advocated it. Three 
days before the expiration of his term of office, tlie presi- 
dent signed a bill for the annexation of Texas to the 
United States. (Florida was admitted in 1845 : Iowa in 
1840.)* 

*Z4. Who Bucceedcd Van Buron in the presidency? When wan Harrison 
in ail ;,'u rated ? What further can you state in relation to Ilarrinon ? When waw 
TyliT mau'^Miratfrl ? 

25. Oiv(! an a(;coiint of the "Dorr Relxjilion" in Rhode Island. 
• i'^!* ^y.M^' P';!»!i"'^'''">" '•!iii^<'d excited discuHsion? How were the people di- 
vid(;d? Wii.'it did 'i'yjcrdoon th.; IslofMareh? 

20.27. Wlio Hiicrccdcd Tyler in the pn^sidency? When was Polk Ijiau- 
gurated '( State how Texas whk made a member of the Union. 

* See App., p. 74, topic 161, for Texan; App., p. «6, topic 54, for Florida : and 
p. 191, •[ 8, as well as App., 1). 08, topic I.S. for Iowa. 



142^ HARBISON'S AND TYLERS ADMINISTRATIONS. 




1845. 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



143 



27. War with Mexico. — Polk's Administkatiox. — 
Tyler's successor in office was James K. Polk, who was 
inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. His adminis- 
tration continued during only one term, but it was an 
eventful one. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Legislature 
of Texas approved the " annexation bill" passed by the 
United States Congress, and, by this act of approval, 
Texas became one of the United States. 

28. Texas had been 




a province of Mexico, 
but, in consequence 
of the arbitrary pol- 
icy of the Mexican 
rulers, the Texans re- 
volted, and, in 1836, 
set up a government 
of their own. The 
annexation of Texas 
to the United States 
led to a war with Mex- 
ico ; for Mexico still 
claimed Texas as a 
part of her own ter- 
ritory, and consid- 
ered the act of an- 
nexation a sufficient cause of war. (See Note, next page.) 
29. Events of 1846. — For the protection of the new 
state. Gen. Taylor proceeded, by order of President Polk, 



TjOTI OIL'S 
CAMPAI OH 

Scale 



28. What can you state of the previous history of Texas ? To what did the 
annexation of Texas lead ? Why did Moxico feel injured ? 

Map Questions.— (Maps, pp. 14f^, 143.) Into what waters does the Rio 
Grande flow? The Nueces (/?z^;r7'-Ae.v) ? What conflicting^ claims to territory were 
made? Ans. The United States claimed the Rio Grande as their boundary, 
while the Mexicans asserted that the western limits of Texas never extended 
beyond the Nueces. Where is Corpus Christi? Point Isabel ? Matamoras ? 
Saitillo ? Monterey (Mexico) ? Monterey (California) ? Buena Vista ? Fort Brown ? 
Where was the battle of Palo Alto foufrht ? Of Resaca de la Palma ? Of Bracito ? 
Of Sacramento? Where is Tampico ? Leavenworth? Santa Fe ? New Mexico? 
California ? Vera Cruz ? Jalapa ? Puebla ? City of Mexico ? 



144 folk's administration. [1846. 

to tJie Rio Grande {rt-o grahn-da)^ opposite Mat-a-mo'- 
ras, where lie erected a fort, Avhicli was afterward named 
Fort Brown. Learning that the Mexicans were assem- 
bling troops at a point higher up the river, Taylor sent 
Capt. Thornton, with sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoi- 
tre. This little force was attacked on the 20th of Api"il, 
1846, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to 
surrender. 

30. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the 
Ivio Grande, for the pur})ose, as was supposed, of moving 
against Point Isabel, where the Americans had established 
a depot of supplies, Taylor marched to the relief of that 
place. After putting the Point in a good state of defence, 
he set out on his return to the river. 

31. His progress was disputed at Palo Alto ()Kih'-ld 
ahl'-to) and Kesaca de la Palma {rd-sah' -kah da lah lyaht- 
rnali) by Gen. Arista {ah-rees' -tah) ; but, in both battles, 
the ^Mexicans were defeated with severe loss. In the first, 
fought on the 8th of May, the Mexicans numbered six 
thousand men, while the Americans consisted of but 
twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former exceeded 
five hundred. That of the latter was scarcely fifty, but 
among their mortally wounded was the brave Major 
Ring'-gold. 

32. The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the 
following day. May 9th. The action was commenced on 
both sides by the artillery, but the Mexican guns, well 
aimed and rapidly discharged, were holding the Americans 
in check, when Capt. May was ordered to silence them. 
At the head of his dragoons he chai'ged with great fury, 

29. What oi-dcr did Polk send to Taylor y Why was the order given ? Give 
au account of the misfortune to Thornton. 

30. Wh}' did the Alexicans cross the Kio Grande? Taylor's movements. 

31. 32. Battle of Palo Alto. Battle of llesaca de la Palnui. 

Note.— The- United States, by the annexjition of Texas, claimed the Rio 
Grande as their boundary, while the Mexicans maintained that the western 
limits of Texas never extended beyond the Nueces (.^oo-d'-c^e*) ; consequently, 
when Taylor crossed the latter river into the disputed territory, the advance 
was treated by the Mexicans as the actual commencement of hostilities. 



1846.] folk's administration. 145 



killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La 
Vega {lah va-ga/t). (Read Note 4, end of Section.) 

33. During .the most of Taylor's absence from the fort 
on the Rio Grande, a period of nearly eight days, it had 
been subjected to a bombardment from the enemy's bat- 
teries at Matamoras. The garrison made a successful 
defence, thougli their heroic commander, Major Brown, 
was mortally wounded by the bursting of a shell. 

34. On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of 
Matamoras, and in August he marched to attack Monterey 
{mon-ta-ra), a city strong in its natural defences, and then 
garrisoned by ten thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia 
{cim-poo'-dt-ah). After a series of assaults, in which 
Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, 
Monterey capitulated on the 24th of September, and 
Taylor agreed to an armistice. 

35. Having received orders from Washington directing 
him to renew offensive operations, Taylor sent a division 
of his army, under Gen. Worth, to Saltillo {sahl-teel'-yo). 
Here Worth was joined by Gen. Wool, who, with an 
army of three thousand men, had marched from San 
An-to'-ni-o, designing to penetrate Chihuahua {che-wah'- 
wah), but, after crossing the Rio Grande, had been or- 
dered to abandon the design. In November, Commodore 
Conner, commanding the American fleet in the Gulf of 
Mexico, captured Tampico {tam-pe' -Jco) . 

36. In an expedition Avhich set out from Leavenw^orth, 
Gen. Kearny (^ar'-ne)*entered Santa Fe and gained pos- 
session of the whole of New Mexico without opposition. 
After organizing a government, he left the main body of 

33. What, meanwhile, took place at Fort BroAvn ? 

3^1. What city did Taylor then take possession of? Aeainst what city did 
he afterward march ? Give an account of his success at Monterey 
tTru^''-,-,^X'^^'^'"'^ "'''^'^ Saltillo occupied? What march had Wool performed? 
What did W ool do after his march ? What can you say of the capture of Tarn- 

36. Give an account of Kearny's successes. « Stephen W. Kearny. 

7 



146 folk's administration. [1847. 



his army under Col. Don'-i-plian, and crossed the conti- 
nent to Calilbrnia. 

37. With less than a thousand men, Doniphan start- 
ing from Santa Fe, inarched more than a thousand 
miles, and arrived at Saltillo. During the march he 
fought two battles, and was victorious in both. The first 
was at Bracito {brah-se-to), December 25th ; and the 
second was at the Sacramento {sak-rah-ine)i-to)^ February 
28th, 1847. 

38. Before the breaking out of the war, Captain Fre- 
mont' was sent to make western explorations. After suf- 
fering great hardships, he made his way into California, 
then a department of Mexico. Learning that Gen. Cas'- 
tro, the governor of the province, was mustering a force 
to come against him, he took a position on a mountain 
peak, thirty miles east of Monterey, where, in March, 
1846, he built a fort and hoisted the American Hag. But 
the governor made threats instead of attacks. 

39. Taking a northern route, P^remont passed through 
the valley of the Sacramento, but Avas overtaken by an 
order from Washington, directing him to protect the in- 
terests of the United States in C/alifornia. Retracing his 
steps, he found Castro already marching against the 
American settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers 
flocked to his standard with such alacrity, that he soon 
found himself able to confront the Mexicans, whom he 
defeated in several skirmishes, and Anally compelled to 
retreat toward the southern part of the province. 

40. On the 5th of July, 1840, California was declared 
to be independent. A few days later, Commodore Slote, 

37. Give an iiccount of Doniphan's successes. 

38. On what expt'ciifiun had Fremont been sent? Give an account of his 
first troubles in I'alilornia. 

39. Give an account of Fremont's successes in California. 

40. What declaration was made by the American settlers in California ? 
What did Commodore Slote do? What further is said iu relation to Slote, 
Stockton, Fremont, and Kearny? 



1841.1 folk's administration. 147 

commanding the Pacific fleet, having received informa- 
tion that hostilities had commenced on the Kio Grande, 
took possession of Monterey. Toward the latter part of 
the month, Commodore Stockton superseded Slote in com- 
mand ; and, with Fremont's co-operation, in a few months 
gained possession of the whole of California. Kearny 
arrived and took part in the final battle, January 8th, 
1847. (See App., p. 66, topic 55.) 

41. Events of 1847. — It having been decided by the 
authorities in Washington, that, in order to " conquer a 
peace," the Mexican capital would have to be menaced. 
Gen. Scott was sent to march through Mexico against 
the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor of a 
large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the 
chief command of the American forces, he being the 
senior officer. 

42. Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle 
of Buena Vista {hiiKi-ncih vees'-tah)^ fought on the 23d of 
Feb., 1847. His force of less than five thousand men was 
attacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Santa 
Anna ; but,' after a contest which lasted from morning till 
night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 

43., On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of 
twelve thousand men near Vera Cruz, and, on the 22d, 
aided by the fleet, he opened so destructive a fire upon 
the city and the fortress of San .Juan de Ulloa {sanv^hahn 
da ool-yo'-ah), that, on the 27th, both i:)laces were com- 
pelled to surrender. 

44. The march toward the interior was commenced on 
the 8th of April, but, at the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo 
{sdr'-ro gov' -do) ^ Scott found Santa Anna prepared to resist 



41 . What plan of action was decided upon in Washington ? How did this 
affRCt Taylor ? 

42. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vifta. 

43. Give an account of Scott's success at Vera Cniz. 



148 



POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 



[1847' 



his advance. On the morning of the 1 8th, a daring assault 

was made upon tlie 



OSamJi 




works of the enemy, 
and, before noon, 
tlie wliole were in 
possession of the 
Americans. Besides 
losing their artillery, 
the Mexicans had 
one thousand of their 
number killed or 
wounded. 

45. On the next 
day tlie Americans 
entered Jalapa {hah- 
lah'-pah) ; further on 
they took, without 
opposition, the 
strong castle of Perote {2)('i-rd'-td) ; and, on the 15th 
of May, they occupied the ancient and populous city of 
Puebla {2)oo-d'-bla/i). Here they halted nearly three 
months for re-enforcements, and then resumed their 
march, reaching Ayotla {ah-yot'-lah)^ a town fifteen miles 
from the city of Mexico. 

46. Finding that the direct route thence was strongly 
fortified, and anxious to spare the lives of his men, Scott 
turned soutliward, and encamped at San Augustin {san 
aW' gas-teen')^ about ten miles from the capital. The ap- 
proaches to the city of Mexico thence were guarded by 



SCOTT'S 
CAM PAI GN 



Map Questions. — How is Vera Cruz situated ? Wliat fort protects the city ? 
On tlie national road I'roni Vera Cwiz to Mexico, what towns do you pass 
through ? In what direction is the city of Mexico Ironi San Aui,^ustin ? From 
San Antonio? From Contreras ? Froin Churubusco? From Ciiapnltepec ? 

44. Give an account of Scott's march to and success at Cerro Gordo. 

45. Give an account of Scott's success from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla. 

46. What route did Scott take from Ayotla ? Why did he change his route ? 
Where did he encamp ? How, tlience, were the approaches to the city of Mexico 
guarded ? 



1847.] folk's administration. 149 

batteries at Contreras {con-tra -ras) and San Antonio, and 
by the strong forts of Chnrubusco {choo-roo-hoos'-ko) and 
Chapultepec [chah-pool-td-pek'). 

47. At sunrise, on tlie 20t]i of August, tlie Americans 
attacked Contreras, and, in less tlian twenty minutes, car- 
ried tlie batteries. They were also successful at San An- 
tonio. On the same day Chnrubusco was attacked : the 
defence was obstinate, and the conflict bloody, but, at 
length, the Mexicans were driven from the fort and com- 
pelled to flee. 

48. At the request of Santa Anna, an armistice was 
granted, during which Scott endeavored to bring about 
a peace ; but finding that the Mexican commander Avas 
violating the truce by strengthening his defences, he or- 
dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Rey {iiio-l^- 
no del rci), an outer defence of Chapultepec. The attack 
was made on the 8th of September, and, although the 
Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a 
loss of riix hundred uj)on their assailants, they w^ere driven 
from their position. 

49. Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situ- 
ated on a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital 
could be reached. Batteries w^ere erected to bear u])on 
it : from these a fire was opened which made breaches 
through the stone wall defences, and, on the KUh of Sep- 
tember, the place was carried by assault. During the 
night Santa Anna and his army fled from the capital, and, 
on the following morning, September 14th, Scott made a 
triumphant entry into it. (Read Note 5, end of Section.) 

50. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness 
of the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege 

47. What three successes did the Americans have in one day? 

48. What request did Santa Anna make? How did Scott endeavor to im- 
prove the armistice ? W^hy did he order Worth to make an attack? Give an 
account of Worth's success. 

49. Give an account of the success against Chapultepec. What were the 
immediate consequences of the victory ? 



150 TAYLOll's AND Fillmore's ADMINISTKATIONS. [1848. 



to the place ; and Santa Anna, after his flight from the 
capital, joined the besiegers, hearning, however, that 
recruits were on their niarcli to re-enforce Scott, he at- 
tacked tliem, but, as usual, met with defeat, and the siege 
of Puebla was raised. (App., p. 73, topic 156.) 

51. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace 
was sioned, by which all the territory north of the 
Kio Grande, together with the whole of New Mexico 
and California, was relinquished to the United States. 
On the part of the United States, it was agreed that 
$15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and 
that debts due from INIexico to American citizens, amount- 
ing to $3,000,000, should be assumed. Peace was pro- 
claimed by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848.* 

52. Taylor's and Fillmore's Administrations. — 
Polk's successor in the presidency was Gen. Zachary Tay- 
lor, the hero who had achieved such brilliant victories in 
the war with Mexico. Ilis inauguration took place on 
the 5t]i of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 

53. During the early part of 1848, gold began to be 
found in California in large quantities. The news at once 
spread with wonderful rapidity, and thousands of emi- 
grants from all parts of the world rushed thither. So 
rapidly did the territory become populated, that in the 
fall of 1849, there was a suflicient number of settlers there 
to constitute a state; and an application for admission 
into the Union was consequently made. (P. 193, % 13.) 

54. As the constitution which California had adopted 

50. What took place at Puebla ? Of Santa Anna's last cU'feat. 

51 How was the war brouglu. to a close? What territory did the United 
Statcs'acquire? What did the United States agree to do in return? What 
States were added to the Union during Polk's administration? Ans. Texas, 
Iowa, and Wisconsin. 

52. Who, next after Polk, was president? When was he inaugurated ? 

53. What excitement, with regard to California, soon broke out? What is 
eaid of the growth of Calilornia? What application to Congress was made by 
the Californians ? . 

* The treaty was made bv commissioners who met at Gnadaloupc Hidalgo 
(qivah-dah-loo'-pd he-dahl'-qo), a small town about four miles from t^w City of 
Mexico ; but the boundary between the two countries soon became a suoject of 
dispute, which was not settled till 1853, when the United States purchased the 



Progressive Map No. 3. 



ne Lort^. 87 fi oin ay CriefXiwiclt. 7J 





w''^''" « V i V ' ^*>o' 

















€;..l-^-;- ^' • 



-5^ 



^VO^^ 



'^V-.^ vJ^^" 






■M/^ ^«ff^"^ "'^ 



^it, 









Kast of UioMi^sissipi)i 
ATTHECLOSEj^MEXICAIN WAR. 






rv, 
V 



v^^^ 



ILSi^.^ 



=yj 



1850.T Pierce's administration. 151 

excluded slavery from lier territory, a violent dispute com- 
menced in Congress, and throughout the United States, 
which continued several months, the friends of the slave- 
])Ower opposing the admission of California as a free state. 
JJefore the dispute was settled, Gen. Taylor died, after an 
administration of only one year, four months, and four 
days ; and tlie vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon, 
became j^resident. (See App., p. 74, topic 163.) 

55. Other questions, growing out of the subject of sla- 
very, having been introduced into Congress, five acts were 
passed in conformity with the spirit of a compromise of- 
fered by Henry Clay. These provided for the admission 
of California as a free state ; the organization of territo- 
rial governments for New Mexico and Utah (^oo'-tah), 
without mention of slavery; the establishment of the 
boundary of Texas ; the abolition of the slave-trade in the 
District of Columbia, and the surrender to their masters 
of slaves escaping to free states — this last bill being known 
as the "Fugitive Slave Law." (App., p. 64, topic 32.) 

56. Pierce's Administration. ^During the administra- 
tion of Franklin Pierce, who succeeded to the presidency 
on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy between the 
slaveholdiug and non-slaveholding sections of the Union 
was renewed, the one being in favor of and the other op- 
])osed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the 
United States. 

57. This fresh outbreak had its origin mainly with Con- 
gress, in the introduction there of what is known as the 
" Kansas-Nebraska Bill." By the " Missouri Comj^romise 

54. Wliat, diijpiite of national importance soon occurred ? What loss did the 
nation sustain at that time ? Who, then, became president ? 

55. Give a full account of what was done before California gained admission 
to tliH Union? Now, re|)eat the provisions of the live acts. By what name 
was Mr. Clay's bill known ? Ans. The Omnibus Bill. 

56. Who succeeded Fillmore in the presidency? When was Pierce inau- 
gurnttjd ? How did the slavery question in another sliajjc appear ? 

5 7. Origin of the new outbreak? Give the history of the trouble. 

Mesilla Valley, or, as it is called, the Gadsden Purchase, for $10,000,000, General 
Gadsden having been the agent of the United States Government in the nego- 
tiation. 



152 PIERCE's administration. [1854. 



Bill," passed in 1820, slavery was i^rohibited in all the 
territory bought of France, north of the southern bound- 
ary of Missouri — Missouri excepted. By the " Kansas- 
Xebraska Bill," which Congress passed in 1854, this pro- 
hibition was repealed, and the two territories of Kansas 
and Nebraska were duly organized. (See p. 136, ^ 6.) 

58. No sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from 
both sections of the Union began to pour into Kansas, 
those from the North being determined to make it a tree 
state, while those from the South were equally resolved 
the other way ; and with such undue zeal was the strife 
carried on, that frequent collisions took place, in which 
blood was sometimes shed. 

59. As the time for the next presidential election ap- 
proached, three candidates were put in nomination. James 
Buchanan was the choice of the Democratic party ; Mil- 
lard Fillmore, of the American; and John C. Fremont, 
of the organization opposed to the extension of slavery, 
known as the Republican party. After an exciting can- 
vass, during which the repeal of the "Compromise of 
1820," the troubles in Kansas, and the " P'ugitive Slave 
Law," entered largely into the subjects of discussion, 
Buchanan was elected. (See p. 163, ^ 23.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1817. James Monroe was inaugurated president ]\Iarch 4. 

Mississippi was admitted into the Union Dec. 10. 

Tlie Seminoles commenced depredations. 

1818. Jackson went against the Seminoles INFarch. 

Illinois was admitted into the Union Dec. 3. 

1819. Alabama was admitted into flio Union Dec. 14. 

1820. :Mainc was admitted into the Union March 15. 

58. Oive an acconiit of the strifo tliat f<ino\vcd. 

69. What caiKlidatcp woro nominatod 'o succeed Pierce? Give an account 
of the canvass. What was the result of the election ? 

For an account of the Rwth to California for Gold, read Note 6, end of Section. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 153 

1820. The "Missouri Compromise Bill" was passed March 3, 

1821. Spain surrendered Florida to the United States July L 

Missouri was admitted into the Union Aug, 20, 

1824. Laftiyctte visited the United States Aug. 15. 

1825. John Quincy Adams was inaugurated president. . . March 4. 

1826. John Adams and Thomas Jeffei'son died July 4. 

1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated president ]\Iarch 4. 

1832. The Black Hawk War occurred. 

South Carolina declared the doctrine of Nullification . Nov. 24. 

1835. The war with the Seminoles commenced Dec. 28. 

Seminoles massacred Thompson's and Dade's party. .Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union June 15. 

1837. Michigan was admitted into the Union Jan. 26. 

]\Iartin Van Buren was inaugurated president ]\Iarch 4. 

Taylor defeated the Indians at Okeechobee Dec. 25. 

1841. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated president. March 4. 

The death of President Harrison occurred April 4. 

John Tyler was inaugurated president April 0. 

1842. The war Mith the Seminoles terminated. 

The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island occurred. 

1845. Tyler signed the bill for the annexation of Texas.. .March 1. 

Florida was admitted into the Union March 3. 

James K. Polk was inaugurated president j\Iarch 4. 

Texas was admitted into the Union Dec. 29. 

1846. The Mexicans captured Thornton's party April 26. 

The Mexicans l)om])arded Fort Brown May. 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto May 8. 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Resaca de la Palma. .May 9. 
Congress declared " war existed by the act of Mexico".]yray 11. 
Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras.May 18. 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Monterey Sept. 24. 

Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Bracito Dec. 25. 

Iowa was admitted into the Union Dec. 28. 

1847 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista Feb. 23. 

Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Sacramento Fel). 28. 

The Mexicans surrendered Vera Cruz to Scott IMarch 27. 

Scott defeated the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo April 18. 

Scott took Contreras and Chin-ubusco Aug. 20. 

The Americans were victorious at Molino Del Rey. . Sept. 8. 

The Americans were victorious at Chapultepcc Sept. 13. 

Scott entered the city of Mexico Sept. 14. 

7* 



154 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 



1848. 

1849. 
1850. 



1853. 
1854. 



A treaty was made betAveen the U. S. and Mexico . . . Feb. 2. 

Wisconsin was admitted into the Union ^lay 29. 

Zacliaiy Taylor was inaugurated president 3Iarcli 5. 

Tlie deatli of President Taylor occurred July 9. 

Millard Fillmore was inaugurated president July 10. 

California was admitted into the Union Sept. 9. 

Franklin Pierce was inaugurated prcsiilent ]March 4. 

Congress passed the Kansas-Xebraska Bill 3Iay 31 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR W^ITH MEXICO. 

(The Americans vere successful in eveiy battle.) 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES E.N-GAGED. 


American. 


Mexican. 


Amer'n 


Mcx'n 


1846. 
Mav 8, 
Maj- 9. 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1S47. 
Feb. 23, 
Fell. 28. 
Marcii 27, 
April 18, 

Aug. 20, -j 

Sept. 8, 
Sept. 13, 
Oct. 9, 

1 


Palo Alto 

Rcj^aca de la Paln^a 
Monterey. . . . 


Tavlor .... 
Tavlor .... 
Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 


Arista 

Arista 


2,300 

2,200 

G.OIM) 

500 


6.000 

5,000 

10,000 

1,200 


Ampudia 

De Leon 


Bracito . 




Buena Vista 

Sacramento 

Vera Cruz 

Cerro Gordo 

Contreras 


Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Srott 

Worth 

Scott 

Lane 


Santa Anna.... 
Trias 


4.700 

000 

12.000 

8..50() 

4.1 HIO 

8.{K)0 

3.500 

7,200 

500 


17.000 

4.(m 

fi.OOO 
12.(K)0 

7.000 
25.000 
14.000 
25.000 

1,000 


Morales 

Santa Anna.... 

Valencia 

Santa Anna 

Alvarez 

Bravo 


Chnrubusco 

Molino del Rcy... 

Chapultepec 

Iluamantia 


Santa Anna.... 



REATEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

Name three important events of 1817 152 

What events happened at Pensacola ? 127, 128, 135 

Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 153 

What history can you give of the State of Mississippi ? 1,35, 136 

Give the early history of Illinois 136 

Give the early history of Alabama 136 

Give the early history of Maine 27, 33, 136 

State what you can of the early history of Missouri 110, 136 

Give the particulars in relation to the admission of ISIissouri 1.36 

State all you can in relation to the " Monroe Doctrine'' 136 

Give an account of Lafayette 78, 80, 96, 97, 137 

IIovv was John Quincy Adams elected president ? 137 

What presidents have been elected by the House ? 109, 187 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. iOO 

PAGE 

14. Which three ex-presidents died on the 4th of July ? (Sec note also.) 137 

15. Name ten important events from 1818 to 1820 152, 153 

10. What can you state of the tariff law of 1828 ? 137 

17. Which of the presidents served each two terms ? (See Table, end of history.) 
IS. Give the history of the United States Banlcs 100, 130, 138 

19. Give an account of the Black Hawk War 138 

20. Give the history of the " South Carolina Nullification" . 137, 138, 13!) 

21. Give the history of the troubles with the Seminoles 135, 139, 140 

22. Name seven events of Jackson's administration 138, 153 

23. Write an account of Jackson 121, 128, 135, 138, 139, 140 

24. Name three events tliat occurred in Van Buren's term 140 

25. Give an account of the battle of Okeechobee 140 

26. What distress was produced in monetary affairs ? 140 

27. What account can you ^nve of the Canadian Rebellion ? 140 

28. Give an account of Harrison 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 

29. Name in order the events from 1830 to 1845 , . 153 

80. Give the history of Rhode Island 31, 33, G8, 74, 79, 80, 87, 141 

31. Name four important events of 1815 153 

32. What dispute was there in relation to Texas ? 141 

33. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? 143 

34. Name, in order, nine important events of 1840 153 

35. Give the history of Fort Brown 143, 144, 145 

36. Give a full account of the battle of Palo Alto 144, 154 

87. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 144, 145, 154 

38. What city did Taylor soon after get possession of? 145 

39. What were Taylor's other successes during 1840 ? 145 

40. What did General Wool accomplish during the war ? 145 

41. What service did Com. Conner render during the war ? 145, 147 

42. What service did General Kearny render during the war? 145, 147 

43. Give a full account of Doniphan's expedition 145, 140, 154 

44. Give an account of Fremont's movements and successes 140, 147 

45. What did Com. Slote accomplish ? 140, 147 

46. Wliat plan " to conquer a peace" was decided upon ? 147 

47. Give an account of Taylor's successes during 1847 147, 154 

48. Of Scott's success against Vera Cruz and its fortress 147 

49. Of his march to and success at Cerro Gordo 147, 148 

50. Of his march from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla 148 

51. Of his march from Ayotla to San Augustin 148 

52. Of his march and successes during August, 1S47 148, 149 

63. What can you state of the armistice grantc^d by Scott ? 149 

'54. Give an account of the conflict at the Molino del Rey 149 

55. Of further operations and Scott's final success 149 

50. Give an account of the siege of Puebla 149, 150 

57. What were the closing acts of the war ? 1.50 

58. Name eight important events of 1847 153 

59. Write an account of General Taylor 140, 143, 141, 145-150 

60. Give the early history of California 1.50, 151 

61. Give the history of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 151, 152 

62. State what you can of Kansas 110, 151, 152, 157 

63. Name eight events that occurred from 1848 to 1854 154 



li O T E S . 

1. Tlie Execution of Arbutlinot and Ambrister (p. 135,112). 

— "Suck was the tragedy enac^ted at !St. Mark's, iu the year of our Lord, 1818." 
Thft executions produced iuteuse iudiguation iu Eugland, where tbey " subse- 
quently became the subject of parliamentary inquiry. Commentaries that might 
have been anticipated were made iu debate. Out of doors, excitement seemed 
to rise higher and higher. Stocks experienced a slight fall, under au appreheu- 
siou of war with the United States. The newspapers kept up their fire. Little 
acquainted with the true character of the transaction, they gave vent to angry 
declamation; they fiercely denounced the government of the United States; and 
tyrant, ruffian, murderer, were among the epithets applied to the commanding 
general. Jackson was exhibited iu placards through the streets of Loudon. 
The journals, without any distinction of party, swelled the general chorus. 
But iu the midst of this diu of passion the ministry stood firm. At a later day 
of my mission. Lord Castlereagh said to me that a war might have been pro- 
duced on this occasion, ' */ the ministry had but held up a finger.' On so slender a 
thread do public afi'airs sometimes hang ! " — Rusli's Residence at the Court of London. 

2. Jolin Qiiincy Adams (p. 137).— "Though Mr. Adams did not live 
by many years as long as his father, yet he was a man of remarkably robust frame 
and excellent constitution. A lady, when he was first made President, com- 
plained to a member of Congress, that she could not see the chief magistrate. 
' Madam,' said he, ' you have only to go down to the Potomac bridge any morn- 
ing about day-light, and you may see him swimming in the river.' After Mr. 
Adams was seventy years of age, that continued to be his habit; and, it was 
said, he often swam across the Potomac where it is more than a mile wide." 
Shortly after the close of his presidential term, he was elected to Congress from 
his native State (Massachusetts), and held the position, through repeated elections, 
till his death. "On the 2Ist of February, 1818, while in attendance as a mem- 
ber ot the House of Representatives, he underwent his death-stroke in attempt- 
ing to give utterance to an emotion. He sunk forward in his seat senseless, in 
a fit of mortal paralysis. A crowd of members rushed to his help, and he M'as 
lifted up and borne oflf through the middle aisle of the House, and taken into 
the Speaker's room. Almost inanimate, he is said to have uttered the few words, 
' This is the last of earth.' If he could have expired when, as well as where, 
he wished, it would have been the next day, the '22d of February, the anniver- 
sary of "Washington's birthday, instead of living till the evening of the 23d."— 
IngersnWs Second War with Great Britain. 

3. Liafayctto, tlie GuesI of the Nation (p. 137, H 8).— "His recep- 
tiou at New York was sublime and brilliant iu the extreme. From New York he 
proceeded on a tour throughout the United States. Everywhere he was received 
and honored as 'the Nation's Guest.' For more than a year his journey was a 
complete pageant. The people appeared delirious with joy, and with anxiety to 
hail him, grasp him by the hand, and shower attentions and honors upon him. 
The gratitude and love of all persons, of every age. sex, and condition, seemed 
hardly to be restrained within bounds of propriety. As he passed through the 
country, every city, village, and hamlet poured out its inhabitants en masse to 
meet him. Celebrations, processions, dinners, illuminations, bon-fires, parties, 
balls, serenades, and rejoicings of every description, attended his way, from the 
moment he set foot on the American soil, until his embarkation to return to his 
native France. In June, 1825, he visited Boston; and, on the 17th day of that 
month, it being the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill, he participated in 
'the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the monument of that event, on 

Bunker (Breed's) Hill. Daniel Webster was the orator of the day A new 

frigate, the Brandy wine, named in honor of the gallant exploits of Lafayette at 



NOTES. 



the battle of Brandywiuc, was provided by Congress to convey bim to France. It 
was deemed appropriate that he should take final leave of the nation at the seat 
of Government in Washington. Multitudes of citizens and strangers assembled 
in the President's house, where an address was made by the President, to which 
Lafayette made a fitting and feeling response. As the last sentence of the lare- 
well was pronounced, Lafayette advanced and took President Adams in his arms, 
while tears poured down his venerable cheeks."— ir. //. >S'eioa?-cZ'6- Z/?/e 0/ J". Q. 
Adams. 

4. The MTexicaii Battery Captured by Captain May (p. 144, 
H 32). — " The battle had lai;ted some two hours with great fury on both sides, 
and many heroic deeds had been done, when it became evident that victory could 
not be completed by the Americans without capturing the enemy's batteries. 
General Taylor sent for Captain May, and told him he must take that battery 
with his squadron of dragoons, if he lost every man. May instantly placed him- 
B3lf at the head of his men, and setting off at full speed, with cheers and shouts, 
dashed into the defile, where he was greeted with a discharge of grape and 
bullets which nearly annihilated his first and second platoons; but he was seen, 
unhurt, darting like lightning through this murderous hail-storm, and in a 
second he and his men drove away or cut to pieces the artillerists. The speed of 
his horses was so great, however, that they passed over the battery, and were 
halted in its rear. There, turning, he charged back, and was just in time to 
rescue a Mexican general officer, who would not leave liis gims, and was parry- 
ing the strokes of one of the dragoons. The officer handed his sword to May, 
announced himself as General La "Vega, and gave his parole."— /'^ros^s History of 
America. 

5. Scott's ITIarcli tUrQii$;Ii Mexico (p. 147-150).— "There are but 
two passages in modern history which present parallels to the march of Scott 
from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. These are the first conquest of Mexico 
by Cortez, and the other is the campaign of Napoleon in Egypt. Each of these 
has a strong resyublauce to the second conquest of Mexico by Scott. Is there 
one who delights in the sound of glorious victory, and will not say that Scott's 
■victories were complete, and his actions honorable ? Is there one whose heart is 
pained with every sound of war, and will not say that he performed the painful 
duties of war with the strictest regard to the claims of humanity, and with the 
utmost solicitude for the return of peace ? " — Mansfield's Life of Scott. 

6. TUe KiiKli lor «old (p. 150, 1} .53).— "An agent of the United States 
Government, who visited California about three months alter the first discovery 
of gold there, r'^ported that, ' San Francisco was deserted of nearly all its male 
inhabitants, and even females were very scarce. The mills in the vicinity were 
idle, the fields were open to cattle, the hoxises; were vacant, and the farms going 
to waste. At Sutter's, where the discovery Avas made, there was much life and 
bustle. Flour was selling at thirty-six dollars a barrel (it sold afterwards at a 
hundred), and Captain Sutter was carefully gathering his crop of wheat, esti- 
mated at forty thousand bushels. The Captain had two mechanics in his employ, 
to each of whom he gave ten dollars a day. A two-story house, within the fort, 
was rented as a hotel at five hundred dollars a month. At a place about twenty- 
five miles up the American fork of the Sacramento river, there was a mining 
camp in full operation. Canvas tents and arbors of bushes covered the hill-side. 
There was a store, and several shanties were used as boarding-houses. The sun 
poured down its rays with intense heat upon two hundred miners working lor 
gold, some using tin pans, some baskets, and some rude cradles.' " — TiUhiLl's His- 
tory of California. 



156 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 







PART OF 










,857.1 lUdlANANS vV DMI M8 I'KA riON. 



157 



J^'om the hcijinn'niij of Iii(clui)ti(ii\^ Aihfu'fiisfrarfoii f/i 
ls.")V, /"(> f/ic prcst/if time. 

1. Tin.: (xKKAi'C'iviL \\'au.— IUchanan's Apmimstka- 
noN. Tlio iiKuimir:itii)ii of liiu'ljanan took jilaci* on tlio 
•itli of Mni-i'h, IS,')?. DuriiiLi,- his aduiiiiisl ralioii ol' lour 
yoars, throi> statos -all iVoo woro aihliul to llio I'liioii. 
Miiuu'sota was adiuilUHl in lsr)S; Orooon^ in l,^,")'.); aiul 
Kansas, in ISiU. (Nolo, p. 157, p. ID-*, :uul App., p. Tii.) 

2. 'V\w slavory (pu>stion rontinned to bo tl»i^ prominont 
toi>U' o{' (lisoussion ; and an ovont, w hioli oocnirod in tho 
tall o( 1S.M>, and wliicli oroalod intonst> oxcitonuMit. 
throuuhont tho oountry, not oidy oa\o increased impulse 
to tho discussion, but groatly Uii^Tavatod tho loolino- tluai 
{)rovailino- at tho St>nth aj^'ainst th(> "North. This was 
'• Ji^hn Krown's raid/' 

,*J. lirown's c^bjoot ^vas the liberation of slaves. With 
that in view, he and twenty-one associates seized the ar- 
senal at Harper's h'eri-y, lor the purpose ol" niakiuL:; it< 
a rcMule/.vous ; but the movement was a. total failure. 
Thiose eui^aLicd in it weri> oNcrpowered by staU' and na- 
tional troops, thirteen of their number were killed, two es- 
caped, anci the rest, including IJrown, were tried iiiid hung. 

4. As Ibichanan's term of office drew toward its close, 

1. W liiMi was niu-hatiau iiiaiimiratfil t What states wi'io aiUU-il lo tlu' I'liiou? 

*i. What suliji'i-t coiitiiuuHl to l>o ^riiorally (tisciis.soil ? 

"2,^ 3. Ciivi' n;i ju'coimt Dt'.Iohn Hiowii's raid. 

4. W'hul is said of tho piusidoutial cauvjiss ol" 18(10 ? What was tho rosiilt ? 

Note.—" How far Louisiana oxtondod Avostwnrd wlion it \vrt8 coded by l<'ra»ic«» 
to Spain, history i>ll'i'rs no nu-aus of dotonuiiUDi;-. * * »: j,, tho al>sciK-o of all 
li^lii i>n tho snbjool IVoni history, wo aio forood to ropud Iho boinuianos indi- 
oatod l)y uaturo, nanioly, tho iiiiihlands soparalini: tlui wators of Iho Mistsissippi 
fioin those llowinij inti) tho I'aoitlo or tho Oalit'oniian Ctiiif, as tho true wostoni 
bonuilarios ()(• tho' Louisiana oodod to tlio Ihiiiod Slates by Fraiifo iu 1808."-- 
(li\c II how's Uhlonj or' Oraion and Cai'ifornla. 

During- tho negotiations lor tho oossion of I'"'lv)rida, in 181S, "Hon (>nis, tho 
Spauisii Mmistor at Wasiuni;ton. olVered to auroo to tho Sabine and ii duo north 
line lo the .Missouri, and the eoiirse of that river to its heaii. 'IMio Anieriean 
olaini to extend to tho Pacitlc ho inonouuocil a novelty now heard of for the tlrst 
Uiwr-HUdr<(h'i U. i>\ 



158 Buchanan's administration. [isgo. 

DO less than four candidates were nominated to succeed 
him. After an exciting canvass, in which the slavery 
question was the all-absorbing one, the election resulted 
in favor of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Re- 
publican ])arty. 

5. When it became known that the party opposed to 
the further extension of slavery had been successful, and 
that Lincoln would be the next president, public meetings 
were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession 
of that state from the Union ; and, on the 20th of De- 
cember, 1860, an ordinance of secession was passed by a 
state convention held in Charleston. 

6. Six days after. Major Anderson, commanding at 
Fort Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from 
that fort, and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place 
of greater security. This being regarded by the South 
Carolinians as a hostile act, they at once seized the cus- 
tom-house at Charleston, as Avell as other property be- 
lono-inor to the iieneral o-overnment, and beo'an to make 
preparations to drive Anderson from his new position. 

7. Events of 18G1. — The steamer. Star of the West, 
sent from New York with supplies and re-enforcements 
for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston, January 10th, 
18G1 ; but, being lired upon by batteries which had 
been erected and manned by authority of South Caro- 
lina, she was compelled to put back. During this 
month, January, live of the slave states,— Mississippi, 
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana,— following the 
lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordinances ; and, 
on the first of February, Texas did the same. 

5. What immediate effect did tlie election have in South Carolina ? What 
action was taken bv a state convention there ? 

6 What movement did Major Anderson make ? What were the immediate 
consequences of the movement ? Where is Fort Moultrie ? (Map, p. 73.) Fort 

7 What plan for the relief of Fort Siimterdid the Confederates frustrate ? 
Which states passed secession ordinances in January, 1S61 ? Which state fol- 
lowed next ? 



1861.] Lincoln's administration. 159 

8. On the 4th of February, a congress, composed of 
delegates from all these states, except Fexas, met at 
Montgomery; and, four days after, organized a gov- 
ernment by the adoption of a " Provisional Constitu- 
tion," assuming the title of the " Confederate States of 
America." On the 9th, this congress elected Jefferson 
Davis " President of the Confederacy;" and, on the 18th, 
Texas being then represented, he was duly inaugurated. 

9. Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, custom-houses, and 
other property belonging to the general government, 
within the boundariesofthe Confederate states, were seized 
by state authority for the Confederacy. Fort Pickens, 
near Pensacola, which had been saved by Lieut. Slemmer, 
with Fort Sumter, and the forts at the southern extremity 
of Florida, alone remained in the possession of the United 
States. 

10. Lixcoln's Admixistration. — In this distracted and 
sad condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- 
coln, on the 4th of March, 1861, entered upon the office 
of president. His inauguration took place " amid a 
greater display of military force than had ever before 
been Avitnessed on such an occasion." 

11. The president, in his inaugural address, announced 
that he had " no purpose to interfere Avith the institution 
of slavery" where it existed ; further stating that, in his 
opinion, he had " no right to do so." But this assurance 
had no effect whatever upon the Southern leaders. Re- 
garding their duty to the general government as second- 
ary to the obligation they owed to their respective states, 

8. Stale what took place at Montgomery, in Febriiaiv. How is Montgomery 
situated '! (Map, p. l->().) 

9. What is said of the seizure of forts, &c. ? Of Lieutenant Slemmer? 
Where is Pensacola ? (Map, p. 12U.) Fort Pickens ? 

10. When was Lincoln inaugurated ? What is said of the occasion ? 

11. Wliat announcement did Lincoln make? What did he further state? 
What is said of the etlect i)roduced ? How did the Southern leaders regard their 
duty ? What military preparations did they make V 



160 Lincoln's administration. [isei. 

they organized an army, and ordered Gen. Beauregard 
{bo-rc-gard) to reduce Fort Sumter. 

12. Accordingly, on the mornnig- of the 12th of April, 
the first shot was tired upon the fort. Alter a bombard- 
ment of thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble 
in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and the 
|)Oor supply of ammunition, Anderson was conij)elled to 
capituhxte. On the following day, April 14th, he de- 
parted with his command, and sailed for New York. 

13. The news of this event produced an almost uncon- 
trollable excitement throughout the country ; and the 
president's proclamation, issued on the 15th, calling for 
troops, was responded to at once by all the free states. A 
Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the 
national capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets 
of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two 
of the soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. 

14. Lincoln's proclamation was followed, two days 
after, by one from Davis, oftering letters of marque and 
reprisal to all persons, Avho, in private armed vessels, 
would prey upon the commerce of the Ignited States. 
This was followed, April lOtli, by another proclamation 
from Lincoln, declaring the ports of the Confederate states 
in a state of blockade. 

15. With the exception of Delaware, not one of the 
slave sta-tes arrayed itself promptly and decidedly on 
tlie side of the Union. Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, 
Tennessee, and North Carolina, passed secession ordi- 
nances. Virginians seized the armory at Harper's Ferry 

\-i. Give an account of the bonilianlmont of Fort Sumter. 

13. What efloct did the uews; produce? What call did President Lincoln 
make? How was the call responded to? Give an account of the attack upon 
the Massachusetts re<?iment. What event took place just eighty-six years be- 
lore ? (p. ()!).) 

1 4. What proclamation did "Davis put forth ? By what action, on the part of 
Lincoln, was Davis's ])roolamation followed ? 

15. Which states besides those already named passed secession ordinances? 
What seizures did the Vir<;inians make 1 



1861.] 



Lincoln's administration. 



161 



and t]>e navy-yard at Norfolk, both places havin*^ been 
abandoned by the Union officers in charc^e after a large 
])art of the property contained therein had been destroyed. 

16. It can hardly be said that the national government 
made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. 
Then Gen. Scott, commanding the 

TTnion army, sent troops into Vir- 
ginia ; and Arlington Heights, oppo- 
site Washington, as well as the town 
of Alexandria, were occupied. Some 
days after, June 10th, a force, sent 
by Gen. Butler, commanding at For- 
tress Monroe, was severely repulsed 
in an attack upon the Confederate 
works at Big ]3ethcl. 

17. The Confederate army, to the number of about one 
liundred thousand men, occupied a line through Virginia, 
from Harper's Ferry to Norfolk ; their strongest position 
being on the road from Washington 
to Kichmond, at a place called Ma- 
nassas Junction. Richmond was 
then the capital of the Southern 
Confederacy, the transfer from 
Montgomery having been decided 
upon in May. • 

18. About the middle of July, a 
large army, commanded by Gen. 





McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates, under 



Map Questions.— (Map, p. 15fi.) How is Baltimore situated? Norfolk? 
Harper s 1< erry ? Washington ? Alexandria ? Fortress Monroe ? BW Bethel ' 
Richmond V Where is Manassas Junction 5- ArlinL^ou llei-'hts V Bull Kun 't Ed- 
ward s Ferry? Cedar Mt.? Ball's Bhifl'? 

.u \f* What movements were made on the 21th of May? Give an account of 
the Battle of Bi<,' Bethel. 

1 7. What line of defence did the Confederates occupy ? What was Richmond 

/AT * ^- ^'i'P^ ^y^- *^'^ ^'*^*'^ "*" <^'*'nfreville occur ? How is Centreville situated? 
(Map. p. 15(j.) Give an account of the battle of Bull ]{un. 



162 Lincoln's administration. [isei, 



Beauregard, at Manassas Junction. On the 18th a conflict 
took i)hu'e near Centreville. On the 21st occurred the 
battle of lUill Kun, a desperate conflict, in wliich more 
tlian forty tliousand men Avere engaoed. At length the 
Confederates, being largely re-enforced, prevailed ; and the 
Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
Washington. The Union loss reached nearly three thou- 
sand men, while that of the Confederates did not much 
exceed half that number. 

19. On the following day, July 22d, Gen. McClellan 
was called to take command of the forces around AVash- 
ington, known as the Army of the Potomac. He had just 
closed with credit a campaign in West Virginia, during 
which the Confederates were routed at Philippi {^ff-^ip'-pi), 
Rich ^Mountain, and other places. Congress, which com- 
menced an extra session on the 4th of July, a2)propriated 
five hundred million dollars for carrying on the war, 
and vdted to raise five hundred thousand troops. 

20. In tlie mean time eftbrts had been made by the Se- 
cessionists to take Missouri out of the Union. In this, 
however, they failed, mainly through the prompt action 
of Gen. Lyon, who captured their camp near St. Louis, 
defeated them at Booneville on the 17th of June, and 
thus frustrated the designs of the disloyal governor. 

21. On the 5th of July a division of his troops, under 
Col. (afterward Gen.) Sigel {se'-gcl), made a gallant fight 
at Carthage; but on the 10th. of August, having been 
confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing that a 
retrograde movement would be fiUal to the cause, Lyon 



19. To what position was ISIcClollan called? What can you state of hia 
previous successes y What was done by Cou;rress? 

Map Questions. -(]). i(io.) Where "is St. Louis? Booneville? Carthage? 
Wilson's Creek ? Spriuirlield ? Belmont? New Orleans ? Cairo? Lexington? 

20. What had been the aim of secessionists in Missouri ? What successes 
did rien. Lvon have at St. Louis ? At Booneville ? 

21. Wliat account can you give of the battle of Carthage ? Of the battle of 
Wilson's Creek or Springfleld ? 



1861.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 163 

made an unsuccessful attack upon the Confederate force 
at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, and was killed. 

22. In a little more than a month afterward, Col. Mul- 
ligan, commanding twenty-five hundred men at Lexing- 
ton, Missouri, was attacked by a Confederate force at 
least five times as large, and, after a contest of four days, 
was compelled to surrender, September 20th. 

23. Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western 
Department, left St. Louis for Jeflferson City, and thence 
marched against Price, wdio was retreating in a southerly 
direction. The pursuit was continued only as far as 
Springfield, when Fremont, in compliance with orders, 
turned the command over to Gen. Hunter, who held it 
until the arrival of Gen. Ilalleck. (See p. 146, ^ 40.) 

24. In October, (jen. Stone was in command of a laro-e 
Union force on the Potomac, in Maryland. A division 
of this force, having crossed the river to Ball's BluiFto 
make a reconnoissance, was disastrously defeated, on the 
21st, and its commander. Col. Baker, killed. In an attack 
upon the Confederate works at Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 
7th, Gen. Grant was at first successful, but the enemy 
having been re-enforced, he retired to his boats. 

25. Two coast expeditions — one to North Carolina, and 
the other to South Carolina — were completely successful. 
In the first, Com. Stringham {string' -am) and Gen. But- 
ler, commanding a naval and military force, captured the 
Confederate forts at Ilatteras Inlet. In the second. Com. 
Du-pont', with a fleet of about fifty vessels, captured the 



22. Give an account of the battle of Lexington. 

23. Who, at the time, was in the chief commanfl of the Union forces at the 
West. Give an account of the pursuit made by Fremont. Who superseded 
Fi'emont in the command ? Who succeeded Hunter? 

24. Where was Gen. Stone in command? Give an account of the disaster 
at Ball's Bluff. By what name is the battle of Ball's Bluff also known ? Ans. 
Edwards' Ferry. Give an account of the battle of Belmont ? 

25. Give an account of the expedition against the forts at Hatteras Inlet. 
Give an account of the expedition against the' forts at Port Royal harbor. What 
change in commanders was made ? 



164 Lincoln's administration. [isei. 

forts at Port Royal entrance. In the mean time, Gen. 
Scott, in consequence of pliysical infirmities, resigned the 
command of the army of the United States, and McClellan 
was appointed in his place. (App., p. 73, topic 156.) 

28. On the sea an event occurred in November, which 
produced great excitement both in the United States and 
Great Britain. Capt. Wilkes {icilks)^ in command of the 
frigate San Jacinto (sanJa-si?i'-to), intercepted an English 
steamer, and took from lier Messrs. Mason and Sli-dell', 
Confederate commissioners to Europe • but as the seizure 
Avas contrary to the rights of neutral vessels, and the 
British government resented the act, the two prisoners 
Avere given up. 

27. This affair tended to make still less amicable the 
relations which, at the time, existed between the United 
States and England ; for before the last of the States that 
passed secession ordinances had joined the Confederacy, 
Queen Victoria (May 13th) acknowledged the South as a 
belligerent power ; and France, soon after, did the same. 

28. The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, 
one of the most successful being the steamer Sumter, 
Capt. Semmes (semz), which ran the blockade of New 
Orleans on the last day of June. She captured a number 
of vessels, and then, crossing the Atlantic, entered the 
bay of Gibraltar. Here she was found by a United 
States gunboat, and, being unable to escape, was sold- 
Her crew went to England, where a faster steamer was 
in process of construction. This vessel the Confederates 
obtained, and named the Alabama. (See p. 181, ^ 80.) 

29. During the year 1861, the Federal government in- 
creased its navy, from less than fifty, to about two hun- 



26. Give an account of the capture of Mason and Slidell. 

27. What unfriendly acts did Enjjland and France perform? 

28. Give an account of the career of the Sumter. 

29. What addition was made to the ITnion navy in 1861 ? What is said of 
the blockade ? Of specie payments ? Of the circulating medium ? Of gold » 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



165 




166 Lincoln's administration. iisea. 

dred vessels. Tliis ^vliolc force Avas re(iuired in block- 
adiiig Southern ports ; and, as it was increased in the 
tlu'ee succeeding years, tlie bk)ckade became more etiec- 
tive. A general suspension of specie payments by the 
banks of the North having taken place, specie circulation 
soon gave way to that of paper, and gold became an ar- 
ticle of merchandise commanding a liigh j^remium. 

30. Events of 1862. — At Cairo [kd'-ro) the Union 
troops established a base of operations. Gen. Grant being 
in command. From a point on the Mississippi, a few 
miles below Cairo, the Avhole river to its mouth was in 
possession of the Confederates, and great preparations 
were made by both parties, one to retain and tlie otlier 
to gain the mastery of the river. 

31. The Confederates had also a line of defences from 
the jVIississippi to Cumberland Gap, Avith strong positions 
at Columbus, ]>owling Green, Fort Henry, Fort Donel- 
son, and near Mill Spring. In January, 1862, Gen. Buell 
was in command of a Federal department, with his head- 
quarters at Louisville. A division of his army, under 
Gen. Geo. II. Thomas, gained a brilliant victory at 31111 
Spring, Jan. 19th, the defeated party escaping further loss 
by crossing the Cumberland. 

32. In February, Commodore Foote, commanding a 
fleet of gunboats, sailed up the Tennessee, and, on the 
6th, reduced Fort Henry. I)Owling Green was soon after 
abandoned. On the 16th, Gen. Grant, with the co-opera- 
tion of the fleet, effected the important cajiture of Fort 



Map Qt-kstionp.— (p. 174.> Where is Cumberland Gap ? Mill Spring ? Loais- 
vilU-? Roanoke Island? Elizabeth City? Colnmbns? (p. Kir,.) Bowliii!- Green? 
Fort Henry ? Fort Donelson ? Nashville ? Pea Ridge ? New Madrid ? Island 
No 10' 

30 At what western place did the Union troops establish a base of opera- 
tiojis ? How inncli of the Mississippi did the Confederates hold ? What etlorts 
were made bv both parties ? . 

31. What line of defences did the Confederates have? A\ here were their 
etron-- positions ? (Jive an account of the battle of Mill Spriuir. 

32. Of the capture of Fort Henry. Of the capture of Fort Donelson. 



1862. 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



167 



Donelson, on the Cumberland, with about ten thousand 
prisoners. The Confederates thereupon evaeuated Cohun- 
bus and Nashville. 

33. An important success meanwhile attended the ef- 
forts of the Unionists on the Atlantic coast. A land and 
naval expedition, sailing 
from Hampton Roads, un 
der Gen. Burnside and 
Com. Goldsborough, cap- 
tured Roanoke Island, 
Feb. 8th. This success 
was followed by tlie de- 
struction of the Confed- 
erate tiotilla at Elizabeth 
^'ii^yj ^^J the capture of 
tluit and other places, and 
by a victory gained by 
Burnside at Newborn. 
An expedition, fitted out 
at Port Royal, captured Fort Pulaski (pn-Ias'-A'e). 

34. Two important events occurred on the 8th of 
March. Gen. Curtis, ably seconded by Sigel, defeated 
the Confederates, under Gen. Van Dorn, at Pea Ridge, 
Arkansas, after three days' hard fighting ; and the ram 
Virginia, steaming out from Norfolk to Hampton Roads, 
destroyed the United States sloop-of-war Cumberland and 
the frigate Congress, (See p. 170, ^ 45.) 

35. This vessel, formerly the Merrimac, wliich had been 
sunk at Norfolk by the Union commander there at the 
beginning of the war, had been subsequently raised by 




PAKT OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 



33. Where is Hampton Roads? (Map, p. lofi.) Give an account of the ex 
pedition under Burnside and (JoldshorouLrh. Of the expedition a^inst Fort 
Pulaski. What city does Fort Pulaski defend? (Map. p. Uu.) 

3 1. Tfive an account of the battle of Pea Ridire. Of the destruction effected 
^)Y tlie ram Virsrinia. 

35. Give the previous history of the ram Virginia. 



168 LDfCOLN's AD^msISTKATION. [1862. 

the Confederates, cut down almost to the water's edge, 
covered with a phiting of iron, and named tlie Virginia. 

36. The night of the 8th set in, and it was anticipated 
that next day all the national vessels in the vicinity of 
Fortress Monroe Avould be destroyed. But, during the 
night, the Monitor, a newly invented floating battery, 
commanded by Lieut. Worden {iri(r'-dtf)), airived from 
Kew York, and, on the following day, encomitered the 
Virginia. After a contest of several hours, the latter, in 
a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. 

37. The Union forces at the AVest, under Gen. Pope, 
were victorious in March, taking Xew Madrid. Again 
they were victorious, on the Tth of A])ril, co-operating 
Avith Foote's gunboat fleet in the capture of Island Xo. 10, 
with six thousand prisoners. The gunboats then descend- 
ed the Mississippi, defeating the Confederate fleet near 
Fort Pillow. On the 6th of June, Commodore Davis, 
Foote's successor, gained a victory over the fleet at 
Memphis, the town in consequence tailing into his hands. 

38. Gen. Grant, after his victory at Fort Donelson, 
proceeded up the Tennessee. On the morning of the 6th 
of April, his army, encamped at Shiloh [s/u'-lo)^ near 
Pittsburg Landing, was suddenly attai^ked by Gen. A. S. 
Johnston's army ; and, after a contest, which raged till 
near nightfall, the Union troops were driven to the river, 
wliere the gunboats aided them to keep the Confederates 
in check. Johnston was killed. 

39. The arrival of re-enforcements under Buell, enabled 
Grant to assume the ofl*ensive on the following day, and 

36. What was anticipated for the 0th of March ? What happened daring the 
niiiht ■? Give an account of what followed. 

3T. What was the Union success at New Madrid? At Island No. 10? At 
Fort Pillow? At Memphis? 

Map QiKSTioNs.— (p. Ko.) Into what river does the Tennessee flow ? Name 
four States m which the Tennessee runs. Where is Pittsbure T.andin<r? What 
hattle was fouirht there? A/ts-. Shiloh. Where is Corinth ? Iluntsvillo? luka? 
Cincinnati? (p. 174.') Frankfort? Kichmond (Kentucky)? 

38. Give an account of the first day's contest at Shiloh. 



1862.] Lincoln's administration. 169 

the Confederates, commanded by Beauregard, were driven 
toward Corinth (kor'-ijit/t). The forces engaged in this 
battle, on botli sides, numbered more than a hundred 
tliousand men; and tlie losses were severe, being not less 
than twenty tlunisand. 

40. Gen. ITalleok arrived soon after, and took command 
in ]>erson of (Grant's victorious army. lie at once com- 
menced an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing 
every day for nearly two nu^nths, when. May 30th, tlie 
l)lace was found deserted. A body of troops, under Gen. 
Mitchell, detached from Buell's army, meanwhile marched 
from Nashville as far as Huntsville, Alabama. 

41. In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success 
of great importance. Tliis was tlie capture of New Or- 
leans, on the 25th of April. The Union iieet, commanded 
by Far'-ra-gut and Porter, ascended the Mississipi)i, bom- 
barding and then running past two forts. The city was 
reached, and Gen. Butler taking formal possession, placed 
it under martial law. 

42. Ilalleck, having been called to AVashington, as com- 
mander-in-chief. Grant was left in command at Corintli. 
(ien. Ivosecrans {roz'-kr((nts), with a division of Grant's 
army, gained a victory at I-u'-ka, September 10th ; and, 
October 4th, he was again victorious, repulsing more than 
thirty thousand Confederates wdio made an attack upon 
his defences at Corinth 

43. The Confederates were active in Tennessee and 
Kentucky during the summer, Gen. Bragg being in com- 
nuind with a large army. A part of this force, under 
Gen. Smith, defeated a body of Unionists at Bichmond, 

39. Oive an account of the pccond day's contest at Shiloh. 

40. Who. alter llio battle of Shiloli. ttiok connnancl of Grant's armv? Civj 
nn account of Ilalleck's oi)erations. Of Mitclieirs operations. 

41. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans. 

4ti. To what position was Ilalleck transferred V Who was left in command 
of till" Western troops? Give an account of the battle of luka. Of tk(j bultio 
of Corinth 

8 



170 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1862, 



marched thence to Frankfort, and threatened Cincinnati. 
Bragg advanced almost to Louisville, but, watched and 
foiled by Buell, he retreated southward, meeting witli a 
repulse at Perryville. Buell's command was afterward 
transferred to Rosecrans. 

44. Early in March, McClellan ordered an advance 
toward Richmond. A new organization of military de- 
])artments assigned Fremont to West Virginia and East 
Tennessee, Banks to the Shenandoah Valley, McDowell 
to the Rappahannock, and McClellan to the command of 
the Army of the Potomac. On the 23d of March, Gen. 
Sliields, commanding a detachment of Gen. Banks's divi- 
sion, gained a victory at Winchester. 

45. At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his troops for 
Fortress Monroe, whence, April 4th, he commenced his 

march up the peninsula between the 
York and James rivers. Compel- 
ling the enemy to retreat from York- 
town, after a month's siege, he 
gained a victory at Williamsburg, 
May 5th ; and then pushed on to 
within seven miles of the Confed- 
erate capital. Meanwhile, General 
Wool, proceeding from Fortress 

Monroe, took possession of Norfolk, and the Confederates 

destroyed their iron-clad vessel, Virginia. 

46. At Fair Oaks, McClellan's army was attacked on 

43. Give an account of the battle of Richmond, Kentucky. Of Bra^pf's ad- 
vance, and defeat at Perryville. Where is Perryville ? (p. 1T4.) What advantage 
did Bra^i,' gain during his northward march ? Ans. He captured Munfordsville. 
By whom was Buell succeeded in command ? 

44. What new disposition of military commanders was made ? What oc- 
curred at Winchester ? 

Map Qttkstions.— (Map, p. 156.) Where is Alexandria ? Fortress Monroe ? 
Norfolk ? Into Avhat water does the York River flow ? Into what the James 
River? Where is Yorktown ? Williamsburg? Stra<hnrg? (p. 174.) Front 
Royal? Cedar Mt.? Ohantillv? Fair Oaks ? (Map, p. 170.) 

45. At what place did M(( 'U-Uan embark his troops ? From what place dul 
he commence bis Peninsula f'amDaitrn ? What peninsula is alluded to ? What 
was done at Yorktown ? At Williamsburg? At Norfolk? With the ram Virginia? 




1862.] Lincoln's administration. 171 

the 31st of May, and the battle was resumed the follow- 
ing da}'. It was a bloody though indecisive contest. Gen. 
Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, hav- 
ing been severely wounded in the battle, was relieved 
from active duty and Gen. Lee became his successor. 

47. Banks's division, at the time, was at Stras'-burg, and 
this force the Confederates formed the j^lan of capturing ; 
but in consequence of the resistance which they met at 
Front Royal, Banks became aware of their purpose, and 
made a rapid retreat to the Potomac. Their pursuing 
general, T. J. Jackson, known as Stonewall Jackson, was 
unsuccessfully pursued by Fremont, and then joined Lee.* 

48. Believing that the force at Ids disposal was not 
sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred his 
base of operations to the James River ; but, while this 
movement was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the 
L'nion troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive bat- 
tles took place, lasting through seven days. The con- 
tending armies numbered together not less than two hun- 
dred thousand men, and the joint losses thirty thousand. 

49. Late in June, President Lincoln ordered the forces 
of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, to be consolidated, 
and gave the command to Gen. Pope. Lee soon began 
to menace Washington ; and, at Cedar Mountain, August 
9th, his advance, under Jackson, gained an advantage in 
a conflict with Banks's division. 

50. The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from 
the 23d of August to the beginning of the following 

46. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. By wliat name is that 
battlti also known ? Aris. Seven Pines. What did The Confederate cavalry ac- 
complish ? A)is. Gen. Stuart passed north from Richmond entirely round the 
I'nidn army. What clianire was made in tlie Confederate commanders ? 

47. Give an account of Banks's retreat and escape. What pursuit was made 
bv Fremont ? 

48. What transfer of ba.^e did McClellan make "; Why did he do so ? What 
battles followed ? How strontr were the two armies, and what were their losses ? 

49. What consolidation of forces was made? W'hat movement did Lee 
make ? What occurred at Cedar Mt. ? 



* "This exploit (the Valley Campaigu) of General Jackson, was undoubtedly one of the 
most brilliant of the war."— rtw/ic)/. 



172 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1862. 



month the struggle between the two great armies was 
desperate. In that j)art of the struggle known as the 
ISecond Battle of Bull Jitm, Pope was defeated. In its 
closing part, at Chan'-til-ly, though losing Stevens and 
Kearny,*two of his best generals, he was more fortunate. 

51. Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications 
of Washington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, where 
>he was pursued by McClellan, who had been ordered from 
the James. At South Mountain, September 14th, the na- 
tional forces were victorious ; but this success was more 
than counterbalanced, a few hours later, by the loss of 
Harper's Ferry with its munitions of war and large gar- 
rison. 

52. On the 1 7th, the great battle of Antietam [cm-te'- 
tcmi) was fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the battle 
and during the campaign being not less than twenty-five 
thousand men. On the night of the 18th, he withdrew 
his forces across the Potomac, into Virginia. 

53. After remainhig in Maryland till the latter part of 
October, McClellan crossed the Potomac, but, in Novem- 
ber, was superseded in the command by Burnside. Led 
by their new commander, the army crossed the Rappa- 
hannock, the design being to march against Pichmond 
by the route from Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg was 
taken, December 12th ; but, after a disastrous attempt to 
carry the works beliind the city, the river was recrossed. 

54. Events op 18G3.— On the 1st of Jamiary, 1863, 
President Lincoln issued liis memorable proclamation, de- 
claring forever free the slaves in the states at war with 

.50. Oive an account of the strucKle between Lee and Pope. *Philip Kearny. 

51. What movement did Lee then make ? By whom was he pursued? Wliat 
occurred at South Mountain ? At Harper's Ferry? Where is Soutii Mountain ? 
(p. 156.) 

52. Where is Antietam C. ? (Map, p. 174.) Give an account of the battle 
fouirht there. What moviment did Lee make after the l)attle. 

53. By whom was McClellan superseded in command ? Where is PYedericka- 
bnri,'? (p. 12<).) Name four rivers that How into Chesapeake Bay. Give an ac- 
count of Buruside's march, repulse, and retreat. 



1363.] LINCOLN-'S ADMINTSTRATION. 173 

the general government, excepting in certain designated 
])arts occupied by national troops. On the same day Gal'- 
ves-ton was taken, and the naval force before the place 
was captured, destroyed, or dispersed by the Confederates. 

55. The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at 
]\lur-frees-bo-ro between the armies of Kosecrans and 
Bragg. On the 2d of January, 1863, victory decided for 
the national cause. Nine days after, the Confederates 
lost Arkansas Post, which was taken by a land and naval 
force, commanded by Gen. McClernand and Admiral 
Porter. 

56. Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved 
of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was suc- 
ceeded by Gen. Hooker, who, toward the latter part of 
April, crossed the Rappahannock, and, encountering Lee 
on the 2d and 3d of May at Chancellorsville, was worsted, 
losing more than eleven thousand men, in killed and 
wounded. He then recrossed the river. 

57. On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered 
nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward move- 
ment; and Hooker followed the invaders into Maryland, 
Avdiere, on the 28th of June, his command was transferred 
to Gen. Meade. At Gettysburg {get'-tiz-burg)^ on the 1st, 
2d, and 3d of July, one of the most important, as w^ell as 
severe and decisive, conflicts of the war took place. Lee 
was finally defeated, and', his army reduced one-third, he 
made a rapid retreat. 

.54. What can you state of Lincoln's memorable proclamation ? Of affairs at 
Galveston, January 1st, ISljrj? 

Map Questions.— (p. 1()5.) Where is Galveston? Murfrecshoro ? Arkansas 
Post? \icksburg? Port Gibson? Port Hudson ? Into what water does tho 
Red River flow ? Name four towns on that river. 

55. Give an account of the battle of Murfreesboro. Of the capture of Ar- 
kansas Post. 

56. A\ ho succeeded Burnside in the command of the Army of the Potomac? 
Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville. Where is Chancellorsville? 
(Map, p. 15H.) 

57. What movement did Lee beprin on the 9th of June ? By whom was he 
followed? What chantre in commanders was made? Give an account of the 
battle of Gettysburg. Where is Gettysburg? (Map, p. 15G.) 




jlv^t-f" 



QUESTIONS ON THE PRESIDENTS, &C. 



The following series of questions, with slight modifications, may 
be used in connection with the administration of each of the presi- 
dents. The pupils should be required to prepare written exercises, 
numbering the answers to correspond with the questions ; or, if tlu' 
teacher prefer, the exercises may bo prepared in narrative form, 
the facts being related in chronological order. 

The answers may be gleaned from the tables at the end of the 
History, from the Chronological BecapUulations, or from the topic 
matter at the end of the book. It may also be necessary to consult 
the text. 

1. Who was the fir^t president of the United States ? 

2. When did Washington become president ? 

3. In what city did his inauguration talie i)lace? 

4. Was he elected a second time to the office ? 

5. What was the length of his administration ? 
€. When did his administration begin and end? 

7. Who was vice-president of the United States during the same time ♦ 

«. When and where was Washington born ? (Table, p. .50.) 

9. Give an account of Washington previous to his election to the presidency. 

10. How many and what States belonged to the Union when Washington 

became president? (Appendix, p. 11.) 

11. How many States were admitted to the Union while he was president.? 

(See, also, Appendix, p. 11.) 

12. Give the names of those States, with the date of their admission. 

13. What territory, if any, was added to the possessions of the United States 

while Washington was president ? (In other cases, see fiUroduclion.) 

14. What war, if any, in which this country was a party, occurred while 

Washington was president ? 

15. Name, in chronological order, all the important events of Washington's 

administration. 

16. By whom was Washington succeeded in the presidency ? 

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS. 
1. How many presidents of the United States have thfire been ? 
■2. Give their names in the order of their succession, beginning at the first. 

3. Name them in the revei-se order, beginning with the last and ending with 

the first. 

4. Name the presidents who served one term each. 

5. Name those who served less than one term each. 

6. Which president served more than one term of four years, but not ii.. 

two terms ? 

7. Name the presidents who served two full terms each. 

8. Name the presidents who died while in office. 

9. Name the vice-presidents who, by the death of their predecessors, becamt 

pre.sideuts. 



1363.] Lincoln's administkation. 175 



58. It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the com- 
mander of the national forces in the Southwest, to open 
the Mississippi, his first point of attack being Vicksburo-, 
Near Port Gibson, May 1st, he gained a decided victory. 
Others followed, and finally, on tlie 4th of July, the Con- 
federate commander, Pemberton, surrendered Vicksburg. 

59. The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the 
fate of Vicksburg, likewise surrendered ; and thus Avas 
the Mississippi opened. The surrender of this last place 
held by the Confederates on the river was made to Banks, 
Butler's successor. The colored troops in Banks's army 
were commended for their bravery in the assaults Avhich 
had been made on the place. 

60. After his victory at Murfreesboro, Rosecrans had 
no important contest with the Confederates until he was 
attacked by Bragg, near Chick-a-mau'-ga Creek, Septem- 
ber 19th and 20th; and, but for the stand made by 
Thomas, his army would have been totally routed. 

61. He then fell back to Chat-ta-noo'-ga. The timely 
arrival of Hooker and GiJ-ant, the latter of whom took 
the command, enabled the Union army to gain a decided 
victory, November 25th, after a three days' conflict ; and 
Bragg Avas driven back into Georgia. The killed, wounded, 
and prisoners, on both sides, numbered not less than fif- 
teen thousand. 

62. At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed 
Longstreet. In Missouri and Kansas guerrilla bands, co- 
operating with the regular Confederate forces, continued to 
plunder and destroy. A bold raid was made into Indiana 



58. What was the chief object of Gen. Grant? Give an account of his suc- 
cesses. 

59. What success did Banks afterward achieve ? What is said of the col- 
ored troops ? 

60. Give an account of the battle of Chickaniauga ? Where is CliickamauL':a? 
(Map. p. 174.) Chattanoofra '? Knoxville V 

61 . dive an account of the battle of Chattanoofja. 

6a. What occurred at Knoxville? Wliat occurred in Missouri and Kansas? 
Give an account of MovL^an's raid. 



176 Lincoln's administration. [isgs. 



and Ohio, by tlie partisan ranger Gen. Morgan. He was 
pursued day and night, for a distance of nearly seven 
liundred miles, and his band finally killed, captured, or 
scattered. He was among the prisoners. 

63. By virtue of authority vested in him, the president 
ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men to re- 
cruit the army. Great opposition to the measure was at 
once excited, which culminated in a riot in the city of New 
York, commencing July 13th, and lasting four days. Be- 
fore the outbreak was quelled, a number of buildings Avere 
sacked and burned, and the most fiendish acts were com- 
mitted, particularly against the colored population. 

64. The navy of the United States was employed in 
various service during the year, and was very active. 
The blockade of the Confederate ports became so eifective 
as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe ; but 
\Yilmington, on account of its wide and numerous inlets, 
was quite successful in maintaining an intercourse with 
Nassau [nas-saio') and other Biitish ports. 

65. The people in the westeri^counties of Virginia were, 
from the beginning of the war, opposed to secession ; and 
they took early measures not only to eftect a separation 
of tlieir part of the state from the other section of Vir- 
ginia, but to gain admission as a state into the Union. 
Their efforts were crowned with success, and West Vir- 
ginia was admitted in 1863. 

66. EvEXTS OF 1864.— Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, in Feb- 
ruary, 1864, made a successful expedition into IVlississippi ; 
but this success was more than counterbalanced by a 



63. Give an account of the riot in the city of New York. 

64. What is said of the service of the navy? Of the blockade in general? 
Of the blockade of Wilmincfton ? , ^ , x, 

65. Give the history of the formation of West Virginia. What aid did the 
Tnion canse receive from private associations? Aris. The Sanitary t^ommis- 
sion and the Christian Commission rendered important aid to the wounded on 
the battle-fields and to the gick and wounded in the hospitals. 

66. Where is Olustoe? (Map, p. 174.) What occurred there? 



18G4.] Lincoln's administration. 177 

disastrous defeat wliich the Union forces sustained -ati 
O-lus'-tee, Florida, on the 20th of the same month. 

67. An expedition against Shreveport, Louisiana, con- 
ducted by Gen, Banks with the co-operation of Porter's 
fleet, met with a series of disasters that ended in the 
failure of the movement. The loss, in men and material, 
was heavy ; and the vessels, in consequence of a fall in 
the Red River, were only saved from capture or destruc- 
tion by the construction of a dam across the river, by 
which the boats were enabled to go over the falls. 

68. The absence of troops to aid Banks in the Red 
River expedition, emboldened the Confederates under 
Gen. Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten- 
nessee and Kentucky, Union City was captured. An 
attack upon Fort Pillow, April 12th, was bravely resisted, 
but at last the place was carried by assault, and three 
hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, were 
massacred. 

69. The services which Gen. Grant had rendered the 
country, added to his peculiar fitness to command large 
armies, induced the president to name him for the posi- 
tion of Lieutenant- General, and the nomination was con- 
firmed by the Senate on the 3d of March. Yast prepa- 
rations were at once begun for two campaigns — one 
against Richmond, by the Army of the Potomac, and the 
other against At-lan'-ta, to be conducted by Gen. Wm. T. 
Sherman. 

70. Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand 

67. Where is Shreveport ? CMap, p. 165.) Give an account of the Tied River 
expedition. What fort was captured? Ans. De Russy. What battles were 
foiicrht ? Am. Cane River, Mansfield, and Pleasant Tlill. 

08. What tempted Forrest to make a raid ? What success did he have at 
Union City ? Give an account of the " Fort Pillow massacre." 

69. To what position was Gen. Grant promoted V Why was he so promoted ? 
Wliat preparations wore at once hetrun ? 

70. From what place did Sherman advance ? By whom was his progress 
disputed ? What were Ins successes over Johnston ? Hy whom was Jcjlinston 
superseded in command? Why was he so supcrbcdcd? Where is Atlanta ? 
(Map, p. IT'l.) 



178 Lincoln's administration. ii864. 



men, advaiioed fioiu Ch:ittanoo<j:a early in May, his pro- 
t^ress being disi)uted by Gen. Jos. E. Jolmston, but in 
vain, lie won battles, outtlanked liis oi)j>()nent, and by 
tlie middle of .Tuly reached the vicinity of Atlanta. John- 
ston's "■ retreating policy" being condemned by the Con- 
federates, he was superseded in tlie connnand by Gen. 
Hood. 

71. From the '20th to the 28th of Jnly, Hood made 
tliree furious assaults upon the Union lines, but each 
time he was repulsed with hcixvy loss. Sherman sent 
cavalry expeditions to cut the railroads by wliicli the 
Confederates received supplies. Gen. Stoneman, com- 
manding one of these, was defeated and captured, ^[ov- 
ing with nearly the whole of his army westward around 
Atlanta, Sherman defeated a large division of Hood's 
army at Jonesboro, and compelled the Confederate com- 
mander to abandon Atlanta. 

72. Thougli Gen. Meade commanded the Army of the 
Potomac, Gen. Grant had his headquarters with that 
army, and planned all the military movements. On the 
4th of May, Meade crossed the l\ai)-id-an'. On the fol- 
lowing day he encountered Lee in a territic contest, 
known as the Battle of the AVilderness, which raged for 
two days. On the Ttli the Confederates withdrew toward 
IJiclunond. 

73. Xear Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand. 
Fighting occurred on the 0th ; and, from that time till 
toward the middle of June, tlie struggle between the two 

Map QuKSTioNS.— (n. 15H.) Tnlo what rivor does the T?ai>id!iii flow? North 
AniiJiy MoiuKiicy? Codar Civi-k ? Whoiv is Spottsylvania C. H. V Appomattox 
C. H. ? Piodinont * (p. 174.) CliamlHTsbtirir^ Fishor's Hill ? ]\>ttM-sbnr^ ? 

7 1. What t»>ok placo from thi- -.Hlth to the 'istli of July * Wliat oxpoditions 
did Shorman soud ? What mislortuno bofoll Stoneman * "llow, at last, did SIut- 
nian train Atla»>ta ? Wlu'iv is Jonoshoro ? (p 1T4.) 

7'2. Wln'io wt'io (Jrani's hoadipiartors ? What control did Grant exorcise 
ovor army moviMniMitsr Wlion did Moadv» cross tho Kapidan? State what oc- 
riirrod on the Ibllowini,' day. What occurri'd on tlioTtii. 

73. What occurred ontiio 'ith? What is said of tiio succeeding strujrsle? 
What battles are meutioued i What co-operation did Butler give 1 

8* 



1804.] Lincoln's administhation. 179 

armies was more or less severe. The battles of Spottsyl- 
vaiiia, North Anna, and Cold Harbor were particularly 
desperate and ])loody. ]>utler, co-operating with Meade, 
sailed from Fortress Monroe, and secured a position on 
the south side of tlu^, James, thus favoring a movement 
by which the Army of the Potomac was transferred, June 
Hth, to that side of the river, 

74. Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 'M)t]\ of 
July a mine was exploded under one of the strongest of 
the works before that city, so that a storming party 
might rush through the gap thus formed, and the place 
be captured. The assault Avas made, but it resulted in 
disastrous failure. Other conflicts took ])lace between 
the armies of Meade and Lee, yet at the close of the 
year, tlie Confederates still held Petersburg and Rich- 
mond. 

75. A large force, intended for co-0])eration with 
Meade's army, was in the Shenandoah Valley, Tinder 
Sigel ; but, after meeting a defeat at Newmarket, Sigel 
was superseded by Gen. Hunter. Hunter gained a vic- 
tory at Pied'-mont, June 5th, and then marched upon 
Lynchburg, but iinding the Confederate force there 
strengthened by recent arrivals from Lee's army, he 
withdrew into West Virginia. The Valley being thus 
open, Lee detached twenty thousand men, under Gen. 
Early, to invade Maryland. 

76. With overwhelming numbers Early defeated Gen. 
Wallace at the ]Mo-noc'-a-cy Kiver, July 0th; and, after 
threatening Baltimore and Washington, he recrossed the 
Potomac, loaded with plunder. A body of the Confeder- 

74. What place was besieged ? Where was a mine made ? Give an account 
of the assault? What is said of other conflicts? 

75. Where did Sigel have a force to co-operate with Meade's army ? What 
befell Sijjel? By whom was Slj,'el superseded in command? What success did 
Hunter have? Wliat were Hunter's subsequent movements? IIow did the 
Confederates take advantage of Hunter's absence? 

76. Oive an accountof thebattle of Monocacy ? What movements did Earljr 
then make ? What occurred at'Charabersburg ? What success did Averill have ? 



180 Lincoln's administration. [1864. 

ate cavalry wliicli afterward advanced into Pennsylvania 
and 8et Hre to Chanibersburg, while retreating Av^as over- 
taken l)y Gen. A'-ver-ill and defeated. 

77. Grant luirried off troops for the defence of Wash- 
ington, and a strong force was organized for Sheridan^ 
who relieved Hunter from command. On the 10th of 
September, Sheridan attacked and routed Early near 
AVinchester; and, three days after, at Fisher's Hill, he 
met and routed him again. Just a month after his victory 
at Winchester, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were sud- 
denly attacked and driven from the field, he, at the time,^ 
being absent. Arriving at this critical time, he arranged 
his lines, repulsed an attack, assailed in return, and, for 
the third time, routed Early's army. 

78. Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, 
Sherman destroyed Atlanta, and, on the loth of Novem- 
ber, commenced his memorable march to the sea-coast. 
Advancing through Georgia and living upon the country, 
he occupied the state capital and other large towns ; car- 
ried Fort McAllister by assault ; and, on the morning of 
the 21st of December, entered the city of Savannah. 

79. In the mean time Hood advanced into Tennessee, 
while Thomas fell back toward Nashville. Coming up at 
Franklin, November 30th, with the main i)art of the Union 
army. Hood made an assault, l)ut Avas repulsed ; and 
Thomas then brought his troops together at Nashville. 
Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, l)efore 
he could put it into execution, Thomas attacked him, on 
the morning of the loth of December, and, in a battle 

77. Who gucceedod Hunter in command? AVhat occurred at AA'inchesfitcr ? 
At FishorV Hill ? (Jive an account of the battle of Cedar Creek. 

78. What did Sherman do with Atlanta? AVhat did Sherman then do? 
Throuijrh wliat state did he march ? AVhat fort did he capture ? AVhat city did 
he enter ? Where is Fort McAllister? (Map. p. 107.) 

79. AVhat movement did Hood meanwhile make? How did Thomas act? 
(live an account of the battle of Franklin. Who commanded tlie I'nion troops 
in that battle? .1/;.*. Geu. Schoticld. Where is Fraukliu ? Give au account of 
the battle of Nashville. 







z_^yp .; fr# 




1865.] Lincoln's administkation. 181 

lasting two days, defeated and drove him from the field. 
Hood fled into Alabama. 

80. The Confederates, by means of English-built priva- 
teers, sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in 
destroying a large number of American merchantmen. 
Semmes, in the Alabama, resumed his career of destruc> 
tion, luring vessels by hoisting the British flag ; but the 
Alabama was at last met, June 19, by the Kearsarge 
(ke'-ar-sarj), Capt. Winslow, and, after a short contest, 
was sunk.* (See p. 187, •[ 101, 102.) 

81. Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the 
United States during the war, none were more brilliant 
than that of Admiral Far'-ra-gut in Mobile Bay, on the 5th 
of August. He succeeded in passing Forts Morgan and 
Gaines at the entrance of the bay, and then gaining a 
complete victory over the Confederate fleet. The two 
forts were afterward captured. 

82. Events of 1865, and close of the War. — The 
active ojjerations of 1865 began Avith the reduction of 
Fort Fislier, the main defence of Wilmington. This was 
accomplished on the 15th of January, by eight thousand 
men under Gen. Terry, aided by Admiral Porter's fleet. 
About a month before, Butler had made a demonstration 
against the fort, but deeming the works too strong to be 
carried liy his force, returned to Fortress Monroe. Wil- 
mington was occupied by the Federal troops on the 22d 
of February. 

83. Sherman having halted at Savannah only long 

80. By what means were the Confederates enabled to destroy American 
merchantmen ? What course did Semmes pursue ? What was the fate of the 
Alabama ? 

81. How is Farragut's success in Mobiie Bay spoken of? What Mas hia 
achie*. ement? Where is Mobile Bay? (p. 1G5.) Fort Morgan ? 

82. Where did the operations of 180.5 be<rin ? Give an account of the suc- 
cess achieved by Terry and Porter. What attempt had been previously made to 
reduce the fort ? Where is Fort Fisher ? fp. 174.) 

83. When did Sherman move from Savannah ? How did he compel the Con- 
federates to evacuate Charleston ? Give the account of his subsequent progress 
and successes. 

* This contest took place off the port of Clierbours {nhcr'-honrfj), France. Semmes and 
forty of his crew were picked up by a British vessel, and, witlumt authority from Winslow, 
were taken to Eii^rlainl. 



182 Johnson's administration. [isgs. 

enough to refit liis arm}', was again in motion by the 1st 
of February. On tlie 17th lie captured Cohimbia, com- 
pelling the Confederates, by this achievement, to evacuate 
Charleston. He entered North Carolina, fought and de- 
feated Gen. Hardee on the IGth of March, and, four days 
later, gained a victory over Gen. J. E. Johnston. 

84. On the 29th of March the final movement of the 
national forces, which Gen. Grant had gathered around 
Richmond, commenced; and, after ten days' marching 
and fighting, the campaign was ended. On the 3d of 
Ajiril, both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by 
the nation's victorious troops. The retreating troops were 
hotly j^ursued by Sheridan, and, on the 9th, Lee, over- 
taken and surrounded, surrendered to Grant near Appo- 
mattox Court House. From this period the history of 
the Avar is but a record of national successes in the sur- 
render of the several remaining Confederate commanders. 

85. The hearts of the loyal people were tlirobbing with 
joy because of the triumph so long struggled for, but this 
feeling was suddenly turned into mourning. In less than 
a week after Lee's surrender, and only forty days after 
he had entered upon his second term of office. President 
Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado acting in sym- 
pathy with the Confederate cause. He died on the fol- 
lowing morning, April 15th. (App., p. 69, topic 94.) 

86. Johnson's Administration. — The vice-president, 
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, thereupon became presi- 
dent, retaining the cabinet of his predecessor. The as- 
sassin of the lamented president eluded pursuit until the 
26th, when, having been tracked to his hiding-place and 
refusing to surrender, he was shot. Jefferson Davis, after 

84. When did the final movement of the national forces commence? Give 
an account of the ten days' campaitrn. When, where, and to whom did Lee sur- 
rendei ? To whom did Johnston surrender? Ans. Sherman. 

85. How were the peojjle's rejoicintjs turned into sorrow ? When did Pres' 
ident Lincoln die? 

86. Who. then, became president? What was the fate of the person Trho 
ehot Lincoln ? What is said of Jeflferson Davis ? 



Progressive Map IS^o. 4r. 




18C5.1 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 183 

abandoning Richmond, fled to Georgia, where he was 
captured. He was then conveyed a prisoner to Fortress 
Monroe ; but, after a long confinement, was released (18G7). 

87. On the 29th of April, President Johnson issued a 
proclamation removing restrictions on commerce in the 
Soutli ; and, a month later, he addressed a proclamation 
of amnesty to all those who had been concerned in the 
late war, excepting certain specified classes of persons, 
A resolution of Congress, proposing an amendment to 
the Constitution abolisliing slavery, having been approved 
by three-fourths of tlie states, slavery was declared consti- 
tutionally abolished on the 18th of December. 

88. The national debt, at the close of 1865, amounted 
to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars. 
To raise the enormous sums required during the war, the 
government had oftered loans which were freely taken ; 
the duty on importations was increased ; taxes were im- 
posed on incomes and manufactures ; and revenue stamps 
were required to be placed upon bonds and other docu- 
ments. 

89. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as 
the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. By the term freedmen were 
meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the 
breaking out of the late war, were slaves ; but who had 
afterward been declared free by proclamation of the 
president. The bill had for its object the supervision 
and relief of freedmen and loyal refugees. A second bill, 
amending and continuing in force the first, although 
vetoed by the president, was passed in July, 1866. 



8 7. What proclamation in relation to commerce did Johnson issue ? What 
other proclamation did he issue ? What was done in relation to the abolition 
of slavery ? 

88. What did the national debt amount to at the close of 1865 ? How had 
the rrovernment procured money durinj:: the war ? 

89. When was the Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed? Who were meant by 
the term freedmen? What was the object of the Bill? What is gaid of the 
second Freedmen's Bureau Bill ? 



184 Johnson's administration, [isgt. 



90. It soon became evident that Congress and President 
Johnson were at variance on the snbject of" Keconstruct- 
ing the Union," the former being opposed to the resto- 
ration of the late Confederate states to their former politi- 
cal standing, nntil certain gnarantees of protection should 
be extended to the colored population, and other condi- 
tions complied with by the states. A Reconstruction Act 
was, however, passed by Congress, notwithstanding the 
veto of the President, March 2d, 1867, and two Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction Acts were also passed, in like 
manner. 

91. In March of the same year a bill to regulate the 
tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the presi- 
dent's veto. By this bill it was declared that persons 
holding any civil office, by and Avith the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, should be entitled to hold such office 
until a successor should be, in like manner, appointed and 
qualified. This bill, known as the Temcre-of- Office Blll^ 
has since been essentially modified. 

92. During the year 1867, Nebraska was admitted into 
the Union, and the territorial possessions of the United 
States were very much enlarged by the addition of Alas'- 
ka, formerly known as Russian America. This vast tract 
of land was purchased of Russia, the price agreed to be 
paid being 87,200,000, in gold. (App., p. 75, topic 179.) 

93. In August, 1867, the president suspended Mr. Stan- 
ton, the secretary of war, from office, because, ''upon im- 
portant questions, the views of the secretary dittered from 
his own." Gen. Grant Avas appointed to discharge the 
duties of the office. In IVcember, the president notified 

90. What soon became evident as between Congress and the president ? 
What position did Coiiirress take? What is said of the Reconstniction Bill ? 
or tlu' two SuppU-moutary Acts? 

91. State \\\\aX yon can in relation to the Tennre-of-Office Bill. 

<>'>. Wliat is said of the admission of Nohraska ? What is said of Alaska ? 
9;{. From what olhcc was Mr. Stanton suspended? By whom was the sns- 
pcusioumudc? Why was it made? What course, in relation to the matter, 



1868.] Johnson's administration. 185 

tlie Senate of tlie change he had made, and of his reasons 
for so dohig. The Senate having duly considered the 
reasons, passed a resohition of non-concurrence in the 
suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, Mr. Stan- 
ton resumed the exercise of the duties of secretary of war. 
91. On the 21st of February, the president sent a mcs- 
sas^e to the Senate, declarino; tliat he had removed Mr. 
Stanton from office, and had placed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas in 
his stead until a successor should be appointed. This pro- 
duced great excitement in both houses of Congress.' The 
Senate passed a resolution notifying the President " that, 
under the Constitution and laws of the United States, he 
had no power to remove the secretary of war and desig- 
nate any other officer to perform the duties of that office." 

95. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President 
Johnson of higli crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted 
by the House of Representatives. In accordance there- 
with, nine articles of impeachment, prepared l)y a com- 
mittee of the House, were, on the 2d of March, adopted ; 
and seven managers were thereupon selected from among 
the members of the House, to conduct the impeachment 
before the Senate. 

96. Two more articles of impeachment having been 
added, rn which the j^resident was charged with declaring 
that Congress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, 
the trial was begun on the 30th of March. On the ICth 
of May a verdict of acquittal was declared on the eleventh 
article ; and, ten days after, a like verdict was rendered 
on two other articles, when the Senate, as a court, ad- 
journed. On the same day. May 26th, Mr. Stanton re- 
signed his position as secretary of war. (Ap., p. 69, top. 88.) 

did the president afterward take ? What course and action did the Senate talce ? 
VViiatcourse did Mr. Stanton tuk(! ? 

94. Wiiatcoiirsc! did tins j)re^i(ient take in the follf)win<? February ? What 
was tlie (!ttect in Con>rress ? Wliat resolution did the Senate pass ? 

9.5. What resolution was afterward adopted by the House of Representatives? 
What Bubsequcnt action was taken by the House ? 



18G (hiant's admin isruATiox. [is?-.*. 

97. Grant's Administration.— ^Tlie presidential elec- 
tion in tlie full of 1808 rosnltod in I lie choice of (Tenenil 
IHysses S. (inint, of Illinois. Thou^li \'irninij\, jMissis- 
sipj)i, and Texas did not partieij)Rte in tlie eK>etion, not 
Iniving complied with tlie " reeonslrnetion^' reipiirenients 
of Coni^ress, Grant reeeivinl a decnded majority of the 
electoral votes of all the states. I lis inauguration took 
place on tlie 4th of March, 18ii!). 

9S. Durinoj tho lirst year of his administration tlu* three 
stutes^-X'^irginia, ]\[ississi[)pi, and Texas — were restored 
to representation in Congress, and tlnis the '' Keeonstrnc- 
tion of the Union" -was fully accomplished. Tiie number 
of states now (1874) composing the Union is thirty-seven, 
besides ten territories and the District of Columbia. 

99. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 
guaranteeing to all citizens of the United States the 
right of suifrage, without regard to '' lace, color, or 
previous condition of servitude,'' having been proposed 
by Congress and ratitied by three-fourtlis of the slates, 
was declared adopted, INlarch ;U>, 1870. The Fourtei'uth 
Amendment, guaranteeing eipial rights to all persons born 
or nat uralized in the United States, had been adopted nearly 
two years before (July 28, 1808). (App., p]). ;}0, 40, 41.) 

100. In October of 1871, the most destructive lire in 
the history of this country occurred at C'hicago, about 
eighteen thousand buildings being consumed.* Scarcely 
less destructive to property, and far more so to hiiinau life, 
wen^ the forest fires that, during the same nu)nth, raged 
in Michigan, Wisconsin, and JMimiesota. A little more 
tiian a year after, tho election for j)resident occurred, 
Grant being the successful candidate. His inauguration, 
for a second term, took place on the 4th of JMarch, 1873. 

97. Who PUCcoeiU'd Johnf>oii iii tho prcHidoncy 1 What stHtCB did uot voto? 
Wliv not ? WhiMj \v.i8 (Jraiit in)VUi»nvjilod y 
as. llow wiia lUo " Rocousii action of tho Union" nt last nccompllshod ? 

* NoTR.— In a little more than a voar alter the Chiraco lire, a lire oeenrred In 
Bo!i>ton (,Ni>v. !>lli, 10th, 1873), whie"li laid waste (m aercs, destroyiui: 77(1 biiild- 
ini;s, and oausin.ija total loss, in housos and merchandise, of about $7r),lHX),(MiO. 



ISTS.] 



GKANT'rt ADMINISTRATION-. 



1H': 



101. 'V\n' <l(-|)i'c(l:ilj()iis coiiiinil lc<l |>y I, lie AI:il)UtM:i :ui(l 
otiuir lOns^lisli-biiill. privntccis (liiriii<^^ llic ( Irc'il. Civil VV:ir 
([)at;(!H 1()4, IHI), were ;i ciiiisc <»(" miicli ill-rcclino- on iIk; 
|);irt; of tl»(! people; of lh(i United SlaleH jiLc:iiiist, \,\\v, \\v\l- 
jsli ( Jov<!rnnienl,, and wliile tlie IjiMcu" reliised to niM,U(! 
jiny i-ep:ir;itioM, \.\n'. feelinL^ conl,inn<'(l. Al, l(ii<;lJi repi-(!- 
K(Mil,;it,iv'eH of 1,li(! r(!S|)eet,iv(! <^ov(Miinient.H inel> in W.'ish- 
inglon, and eon(;lnded a treaty (I 87 I), with a view l-o tli(^ 
HCttlenient of " all (•anses of diircrcnce l»etvve('n the two 
couiitiies." 

102. A ti-ihun;d (^onsistin^- of live :iri»itr:itors (one liom 
each of the countries : tin; (lnite(i St:ites, ( J reat i;rit:i,in, 
Jtaly, Swit/erland, and IJi-a/il), ;i<;tin<j^ under tln^ provi- 
Hioiis of the treaty, {iKK(!rn)>led in (leneva,, Swil/.erland, 
not loiifT aCtcfr, where they (;xaniine(| and deeidecj all the 
clainis Kul>niitte(l to them, :iiid linally (Sept. II, IHV'J) 
awardecl tin; sum oC firteen millions live liun<lre(| thousand 
dfdlars in t^old to he |)aid hy (iical, IJritain to the llnitctd 
States for tin; Ha,tiHfaetion of all tin; cl;i.imK, " known an 
the Al.'ihama ('laims, i^r^^wini^ out of iIk; acts commitltMJ 
hv the Kev<.'i-al vesselK.'' That amount w:jh aceordin^ly 
paid a year later (Sept. \HT-i). 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UKITED STATES. 189 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 

1. Original Territory. — The territory of the Re- 
public, at the close of the War of the Revolution, was 
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Mississippi River, 
the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico. Such were tlie 
limits conceded by the treaty with Great Britain (Septem- 
ber 3, 1783) ; but from the region lying within them, 
the Spanish j^i'ovince of Florida must be excluded, as 
well as that part of the present State of Louisiana which 
lies east of the Mississippi, in defining the original domain 
of the United States. Out of that domain many new 
States have been formed, and to it large accessions of new 
territory have been made. 

2. Vermont. — This was the first of the new States. It 
was formed from territory which had been claimed by 
New York and New Hampshire, the former founding its 
claim on the grants made by Charles II. to the Duke of 
York, the latter on the colonial charter which it received 
at the commencement of its existence. New Hampshire 
was the most active in the settlement of the territory, 
her governor, during a period of eight years (from 1*760 
to 1768), having made more than a hundred township 
grants within its limits. 

3. These, with other grants subsequently made, were af- 
terward known as the " New Hampshire Grants." Before 
the Revolution, however, New York succeeded in obtain- 
ing jurisdiction over the whole territory, through a de- 

1. What territory be]ono:ed to the United States when they began their ex- 
istence as a nation ? To what nation did Florida then helon? ? 

2, 3. Give the early history of Vermont. When admitted ? 



190 TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

cisioii of the king, to which the governor of New Hamp- 
shire assented. But the settlers refused to acknowledge 
the sway under which they were- thus abitrarily placed, 
and continued their resistance until 1791, when, New 
York having relinquished her claim on the payment to 
her of $30,000, Vermont was admitted into the Union, 
making the number of States fou7'teen. 

4. The Northwest Territory. — The western portion 
of several of the thirteen original States extended to the 
Mississippi River: their colonial charters, indeed, named 
the Atlantic Ocean as their eastern boundary, and the 
South Sea (the Pacific) as their western ; but these limits 
were restricted by the treaty of 1783. One after an- 
other, these States surrendered their western territories 
to tlie general government, and, in 1787, the region north 
of the Ohio River was organized under the name of the 
N'orthwest Territory. From this territory five States 
have been successively formed: Ohio^ in 1802; Indiana, 
in 1816 ; Illinois^ in 1818 ; Michigan, in 1837 ; and Wis- 
consin, in 1848. 

5. The Southwest Territory. — The region south of 
the Ohio, although never organized under one territorial 
government, was generally known as the Southioest Ter- 
ritory. From it have been formed four States: ICeyi- 
tucky (previously a part of Virginia), in 1792 ; Tennessee 
(previously a part of North Carolina), in 1796 ; Missis- 
sippi, in 1817; and Alabama, in 1819 (both the latter 
being previously a part of Georgia). 

6. Maine. — Maine, irt 1783, was a district of Massa- 
chusetts, having been purchased in 1677 from the heirs 

4. What, were the oriijinal boundaries of the NorthwC'^t Territory? Give the 
previous histor}' of that territory. What Slates liave been formed from that 
territory ? 

a. What was the Southwest Territory? What States have been formed from 
it? 

6. Was Maine one of the thirteen original States ? Was Vermont ? Give tlie 
early history of Maine. 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE Ul!q"ITED STATES. 191 

of Gorges and Mason. Thus it remained till 1820, when it 
was organized and admitted as a State, in conformity 
with the formally expressed will of its inhabitants. 

7. The Louisiana Purchase.— Though the Spaniards, 
under De Soto, were the first to discover the Mississippi 
River, they made no attempts to explore it. This was 
first accomplished by the French, who traversed its en- 
tire length, and occupied certain portions of its valley on 
both sides, giving to the whole region the name of Louis- 
iana^ in honor of their king, Louis XIV. At tbe close of 
the French and Indian war (1763), France ceded to Great 
Britain all her American possessions east of the Missis- 
sippi and north of the Iberville River, having, in the pre- 
ceding year, ceded to Spain all her possessions west of 
the Mississippi, and south of the Iberville. 

8. The latter territory was retroceded to France in 1800, 
and, three .years later (1803), was purchased by the United 
States for $15,000,000. From this vast region, which ex- 
tended from the Mississippi River to theRocky Mountains, 
besides the State of Lonisiana (admitted in 1812), have 
been formed Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), loioa 
(1846), Ifbmesota (1858), Kansas (1861), Nebraska 
(1867), and the territories of Colorado^ Wyoming^ Mon- 
tana, and Dakota^ together with a reservation for the 
Indians, known as the Indian Territory.^ (See note p. 157) 

9. Florida. — This was a Spanish province up to 1763, 
when it was ceded to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, 
which the English had recently taken from Spain. By 
the treaty of 1783 this province was given back to Spain, 
to which it continued to belong till 1819, when it was 

7. Who discovered the Mississippi? Who explored it ? What else did the 
French do ? To what extent of territory did the French j^ive the name of Louis- 
iana '? How did they dispose of the part west of the Mississippi ? The part east '{ 

8. How did we acquire the part west ^ What (States and Territories have 
been formed from the part bought of France? 

9. Give the early history of Florida. How did we acquire it ? 

* Except the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi ; and the small part of Kansas 
and the larger ones of Colorado and Wyoming acquired from Mexico in 1818. 



192 TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UJS"ITED STATES. 

ceded to the United States, on condition that the latter 
country would pay the claims of American citizens against 
Spain, to the amount of $5,000,000. Owing, however, to 
a delay on the part of Spain to ratify the treaty, the title 
to the territory was not acquired by the United States 
till 1821. 

10. Oregon. — The entire region west of the Rocky 
Mountains, extending from latitude 42° to about 54°, was 
long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United 
States, because, among other reasons, its principal river 
had been discovered by Captain Gray, of the ship Co- 
lumbia, of Boston, in 1792, and because, during the ad- 
ministration of Jefferson, it was explored by Captains 
Lewis and Clark, who commanded an overland expedi- 
tion sent out by the United States government. If, pre- 
vious to 1819, Spain had possessed any title to this region, 
she abandoned it in that year ; since, by a clause in the 
treaty ceding Florida, she relinquished all her *' rights, 
claims, and pretensions" to such territory. 

11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when, 
by treaty, the boundary line between the possessions of 
the two nations was lixed at the 49th parallel, thus set- 
tling a controversy which had lasted several years, and 
which, at one time, threatened to produce a war between 
the two countries. The region thus finally yielded to the 
United States was first organized as a territory, under 
the name of Oregon^ but now includes the State of Ore- 
gon (admitted in 1859), and the territories of Washing- 
ton and Idaho. 

12. Texas. — This State was once a part of the Re- 

1 0. What recrion was lonir known as Oresron ? What gave the United States a 
right to claim it? How did the United States get a title from Spain ? 

1 1. What tronbles did the United States have in relation to the o\\'nership of 
Oregon? How were the troubles settled ? What are the present divisions of 
OreLr(m ? 

1 2. Give the early history of Texas. How and when was it acquired by the 
Lniled Slates? 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UKITED STATES. 193 

public of Mexico, but, becoming dissatisfied with the 
Mexican rulers, the people revolted, and, in 1836, set up 
an independent government. In 1845 Texas was annexed 
to the United States. 

13. Califorxia, etc. — The war with Mexico gave to 
the United States a vast region between Texas and the 
Pacific Ocean, which had previously belonged to the 
Mexican Republic, The conquest of this region having 
been effected during the war, its possession was confirmed 
by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, made in 1848, as 
well as by a subsequent treaty, known as the " Gadsden 
Treat}^," made in 1853. (See note p. 150.) 

14. By the terms of the first treaty, tho United 
States agreed to pay to Mexico $15,000,000, and to 
assume debts due from her to American citizens to 
the amount of $3,000,000. By the terms of the second 
treaty, the United States paid an additional sum of 
110,000,000, in order to secure a more southerly bound- 
ary. From the region thus acquired from Mexico have 
been formed the States of California (1850) and Nevada 
(1864), and the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and 
Utah. 

15. Alaska. — The territory of Alaska, formerly known 
as Russian America, was ceded to the United States by 
Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. The name of Alaska hav- 
ing been given to it in the treaty, it has since retained it. 

16. Thus has the national domain increased from time 
to time, spreading from one ocean to the other, and 
gradually enfolding within its embrace every district of 
country that lay as an obstacle to the mighty march of its 
destiny. That "league of love" which first only clasped 

13, 14. What torritorv did we acquire from Mexico ? How was it acquired ? 
What States and territories have heen formed from it? 

15. By what name was Alaska formerly known? How did we acquire the 
teiritory? 

16. State how and to what extent the national domain has been increased. 



194 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION". 



^vitliiii its folds ;in empire of thirteen sister States, with 
an jiroa of 800,000 square miles, lias been found suffi- 
ciently expansive to permit the embraee of a vast realm 
of f/if'rfi/seren States and eh'vt'fi Territories, including alto- 
gether an area of more than o, 000, 000 square miles. 



CIVIL PllOGEESS OF THE NATION. 

1. Civil Pkogrkss of the Natiox. l\)ruLATioN. — 
The iirst Census — that of 1790 showed a total population 
in the thirteen States, and the territory on each side of 
the Ohio Hiver, of less than four millions (;i,02 l,o'JO). 
In the Northwest Territory the population was so small 
tliat no return was made. In the territory south of the J 
Ohio, the number of inhabitants was only .about 37,000. ^ 
The city of Philadelphia, then the largest city of the i 
Union, contained only a })opulation of 43,525, that of >• 
New York being more than 10,000 less (o;),131); C'incin- j 
iiati, settled in 1788, was but a small hamlet (in 1 805, its i 
po})ulation was only 500) ; lioston conlaiiu'd only about 
18,000; and New Orleans, then a French settlement, less j 
than 8,000. The great western cities of the present day ' 
were scarcely dreamed of 

2. The population of the Union, as shown by the cen- i 
sus of 1870, is nearly forty millions (38,(5 17,94*)). There j 
are fourteen cities, the population of each of which 
exceeds 100,000, and seven in which the population is in 
excess of 250,000. The Metropolis contains nearly one , 
million of inhabitants, having grown, during our national , 
existence, to that astonishing figure from tlie small i 



1. What was tho ponulation of Iho rnitod States in IT'.HI? Wlmt was thou 
tlu' popnlatimi of Tliiladolphia? of Now York ? of Boston r 1 

*2. What was tho popnhition of tho Unitod States in 1S70? What is said of ' 
fourteen cities? Of seven? New York? Cincinnati? Chicago? St. Louis? | 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION". 195 



number before mentioned; while Cincinnati has grown 
from 500 in 1805, to more than 210,000. Chicai^o, 
which, in 1831, contained only about a dozen families, 
before the great fire of 1871 had a population of 298,000. 
St. Louis, a Hmall trading-village in 1803, when it came 
under the United States Government, now contains about 
.313,000 people, and is the fourth city of the Union, being 
exceeded only by Xew York, Pljiladelphia, and Brooklyn. 

3. CoMMEKCPJ. — The commercial progress of tlie coun- 
try has kept pace with the vast increase in its population, 
and the amazing growth of its cities. In 1790, the total 
exports from all the ports of the United States, amounted 
to about twenty millions of dollars, and the imports some- 
what less; in 1870, tlie amount of exports was over live 
hundred millions ; and the imports amounted to about 
six millions more than the exports. About two-thirds 
of all the imports of the United States arrive in Xew 
York, and about forty per cent, of all tljc exports are 
shipped from that port. 

4. The tonnage of the United States has increased from 
274,377, in 1790, to 4,253,149, in 1870; while the number 
of American vessels (registered or enrolled) has increased 
during the same period to 29,015, of which about 3,500 
were steam-vessels. This is considerably less than the 
number reported previous to the Civil War, the total ton- 
nage in, 18C2-3, being more than 5,000,000. The vast 
increase in population on the borders of the Great Lakes, 
and along the great navigable rivers, has led to the 
establishment of an inland and domestic trade, of greater 
proportions than the foreign commerce, immense as that 
is. The chief items of this trade are coal and lumber; 
but the cereals also constitute a considerable part. 



.3. What is naid in r<^;Iat)on to the commercial progrees of the country? 
4. What, in relation to the increape in tonnage? 

9 



196 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE ]S"ATION^. 

5. Manufactures.— During the Colonial period, the 
manufacturing industry of the American people was re- 
pressed by penal statutes, the selfish policy of the British 
government dictating agricultural pursuits for the pur- 
pose of benefiting the commerce of the mother-country. 
Hence, a free market was opened to all the agricultural 
products, including the raw materials of manufacture; 
and sometimes bounties were offered to stimulate still 
further their production. This policy was 23eculiarly 
fitted to increase the prosperity of the Southern Colonies, 
while those of the North were scarcely able to subsist. 

6. When, therefore, the nation commenced its exist- 
ence, the manufacturing interests were of little import- 
ance, indeed, they had scarcely commenced to be devel- 
oped. Before the war of 1812, nothing was accomplished 
on a great scale in this direction ; the embargo, how- 
ever, gave a great stimulus to this interest. Since that 
period, an amazing expansion has been reached in every 
department of manufiictures, but especially in those of 
cottons, woollens, and iron, — the three great staples, in 
the first of which this country is now exceeded by Great 
Britain alone. The principal seats of this manufacture 
are in the New England States, Pennsylvania, and New 
York. 

7. The general use of furnaces, stoves, etc., for heating 
purposes, the innumerable applications of machinery, as a 
substitute for human labor, and for the propulsion of land- 
carriages, as well as for the purposes of navigation, ren- 
der the iron mannfacture of great importance in this 
country, and, accordingly, it has developed into vast 
proportions. Its kindred department — mining — has, of 
course, kept equal pace with it. 

5, 6. How was the manufacturinjr industry of the colonies repressed? What 
further is stated in respect to maniiractnres? 
7. Wliat is stated of the Jiiauufacture of iron and of mining? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE KATIOK. 197 

8. Ship-building. — The first vessel built in New England 
was built in Medford, Massachusetts, for Governor Win- 
throp. She was launched on the fourth of July, 1631, 
and was called the '^ Blessing of the Bay," — a name 
which indicated, in anticipation, the great benefits wiiich 
that section of our country was to experience from this 
department of industry. Up to the commencement of 
the Civil War (1861) this branch of labor was among the 
most flourishing in the country ; but the operations of 
Confederate cruisers, aided, as they were, by British in- 
fluence and support, had the effect to paralyze this, as 
well as every other branch of industry dependent upon 
navigation. 

9. Peixtixg axd Book-publishing. — Under our sys- 
tem of free government and free schools, the various pur- 
suits connected with the printing and publication of news- 
papers, books, etc., have reached a condition of great 
activity and extent. The wide-spread demand for informa- 
tion has stimulated the application of science and art in 
this branch of industry to the highest degree. The pro- 
cesses in use for the purpose, a century ago, would be at the 
present time comparatively valueless. One of the earliest 
inventions for improving the old printing-press was the 
Columhicui ^>>re.s5, invented by George Clymer of Phila- 
delphia, in 1818 ; and more recently the powerful cylinder 
presses constructed by Richard M. Hoe, of New York, 
have rendered it possible to keep pace with the daily de- 
mand for newspapers and books. By the cylinder press 
worked by steam, in connection with the stereotype pro- 
cess, as many as 40,000 impressions of a newspaper can 
be taken in an hour. 

10. Agriculture. — This, the leading pursuit of our 

8. What history can you jrive of ?hip-buil(linir? 

9. State what you can of printinj? and book-publiehinsr. 

10. What is the leading pursuit of our country? By what means has agricul' 
ture made rapid strides ? 



198 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE KATIOiT. 

country during its entire history, has made vast and rapid 
strides, both in processes and results, since the commence- 
ment of our national union. The great demand for hibor 
has furnislied very strong inducements for the invention 
and use of labor-saving machinery and implements, and 
the ingenuity of the American people has been strikingly 
illustrated by its innumerable achievements in this direc- 
tion. Of these the cultivator, the mowing-machine, tlie 
reaper, the horse-rake, the threshing-machine, etc., are 
examples. Steam has been applied to the working of 
many of these implements; and, in this way, the work of 
one man is often made more effective than that of a hun- 
dred a century ago. 

11. In the northern sections of the country, the chief 
staples are the cereal grains, maize, wheat, rye, oats, bar- 
ley, etc., together with potatoes and hay. In the South, 
cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco take the lead. The in- 
crease in the production of these various articles since the 
formation of our government has been amazing. In 1790, 
the cotton raised amounted to less than 250,000 pounds ; 
while in 1860, just previous to the great Civil AYar, the 
quantity cultivated reached the extraordinary amount of 
more than 2,000,000,000 pounds,or nearly 4,000,000 of bales. 
In 1870, the crop amounted to a little over one billion 
and three-quarters of pounds (1,767,000,000 lbs.) Missis- 
sippi occupies the first place as a cotton-growing State. 
. 12. Canals. — In 1827, Edward Everett thus spoke of 
the internal improvements of that period : *' A system of 
internal improvements has been commenced, which will 
have the effect, when a little further developed, of crowd- 
ing within a few years the progress of generations. Al- 
ready Lake Champlait^ from the north, and Lake Erie 

11. What are the staples in the northern sections of oiir country? In the 
southern? What is said in relation to cotton? 

12. Repeat, in substance, what Everett stated in 1827. 



CIVIL PROGKESS OF THE NATION". 199 

from the west, have been connected with Albany. The 
Delaware and Cliesapeake Bays have been united. A 
canal is nearly finished in the upper part of New Jersey, 
from the Delaware to the Hudson, by which coal is al- 
ready dispatched to our market. Another route is laid 
out, across the same state, to connect New York by a 
railroad with Philadelphia. A water communication 
has been opened, by canals, half-way from Philadelphia 
to Pittsburgh. Considerable progress is made, both on the 
raih-oad and the canal, which are to unite both Baltimore 
and Wasliington with the Ohio River. A canal of sixty 
miles in length is open, from Cincinnati to Dayton, in the 
State of Ohio ; and another, of more than three hundred 
miles in extent, to connect Lake Erie with the Ohio, is 
two-thirds completed." 

13. The various enterprises here alluded to have all been 
completed. The Grand Erie Canal^ in the State of New 
York, was opened in 1824, but not entirely completed 
till 1825. This magnificent public improvement owed its 
success to the genius of De Witt Clinton,* and contrib- 
uted in a very great degree to make New York City 
what it is at present — the great emporium of the country. 
It is 363 miles in length, and was first estimated to cost 
$5,000,000. Since its completion, in 1825, it has been 
considerably enlarged. The total length of canals in the 
United States, in 1854, was nearly 5,000 miles; but since 
that period few undertakings of this kind, of any magni- 
tude, have been commenced, their use as a means of com- 
munication h?«,ving been superseded by the construction of 
railroads. Extensive river improvements have also been 
accomplished in many parts of the country. 

13. What is stated of the Grand Erie Canal? Of canals in the United 
States? 

» De Witt Clinton was born in March, 1769, and was the son of General James Clinton, 
of Orange County, New Yorls. He was mayor of the city of New York ten years; and 
was elected governor of the State in 1817, aud again in 1820 and 1826. His death occurred 
in February, 1828. 



200 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 

14. Railroads. — The first great internal improvement 
in this country was the Philadelplua and Pittsburg Turn- 
pike, which was completed near the close of the last cen- 
tury. The Cumberland Road, subsequently called the 
Great National Road, had its origin in an appropriation 
of $30,000 by Congress, in 1806, for the construction of a 
road over the Alleghany mountains, from Cumberland, in 
Maryland, to the Ohio River. Other appropriations for 
the construction of this road were made from time to 
time; and in 1820 it had been completed to Wheeling, at 
an expense of $1,700,000. Subsequently it was extended 
to Springfield, Ohio, and partially undertaken in Indiana 
and Illinois ; but being superseded by railways, it was 
never completed to the extent at one time contemplated. 

15. The first railroads constructed in the United States 
were the Quincy Railroad, used to transport granite from 
the quarries of Quincy, Massachusetts (1826), and the 
Mauch Chunk Railroad, for the conveyance of coal from 
the mines at that place to the Lehigh River in Pennsyl- 
vania (1827). The rapid construction of railroads in 
every part of the country since that time presents a very 
striking evidence of the activity and enterprise of the 
people, and the civil progress of the nation. 

16. In 1848, the number of miles of completed rail- 
ways amounted to 6,000 ; in 1860, this had increased to 
nearly 31,000, the construction and equipment of which 
cost more than one billion of dollars (81,151,560,289). 
In 1870, it had further increased to more than 53,000. 

Of all the enterprises of this character, the Pacific 
Railroad is the most stupendous. This road extends 
from Omaha in Nebraska to San Francisco, and connects 
with the great lines from the east, bringing the great 

14. Give the history of the Cumberland Road. 

15. Which were the first railroads in this countrv? 

16. 1'7. Wlmt lurtlier can you state in relation to railroads in this counti7 ? 



CIVIL PllOGRESS OF THE NATION". 201 

eastern cities within a week's journey from San Fran- 
cisco. It is 1,913 miles long between the two points 
above mentioned. This great undertaking was completed 
in 1869. Other railroads are also in contemplation across 
the western part of the country to the Pacific Ocean. 
The Northern Pacific, already commenced, has its eastern 
terminus at Lake Superior (Duluth), and its western at 
Puget's Sound, in Washington Territory. 

17. Thus are the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans bound 
together by an iron band, by means of which, in connec- 
tion with the Trans-Pacific lines of steamships, China, 
India, and Japan are brought within a few weeks' travel 
of the great American marts, and the rich products of 
those realms are poured into them in boundless profusion. 
New sources of enterprise and wealth are also developed 
in our own country by the same means, and additional in- 
centives offered for settlement in the wild and unculti- 
vated, but richly endowed, regions of our widely-extended 
domain. 

18. Telegraphs. — The demand for the rapid commu- 
nication of intelligence was by no means supplied by the 
locomotive and railroad ; and the agency of electricity 
has been brought in to supplement the deficiencies of 
steam. The invention of the electro-magnetic telegraph 
is due to Prof Morse, who, in 1844, erected the first line, 
between Baltimore and Washington, a distance of forty 
miles. This line was extended northward, through Phil- 
adelphia and New York, to Boston, in 1845. From this 
comparatively small beginning a vast system of tele- 
graphic lines has been constructed, by means of which all 
the great centres of trade and population in the world 
have been brought into instantaneous communication. In 
1850, the length of telegraph lines in the United States 

1 8. What is said in relation to telegraplis ? 



202 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE :N"ATI0N. 

was 23,281 miles; in 1854:, it had increased to 41,392 
miles; and in 1858, to more than 50,000 miles. At this 
present time it cannot be less than 100,000 miles. 

19. Atlantic Telegraph. — The first successful subma- 
rine telegraph was laid in 1851, across Dover Strait, con- 
necting Dover and Calais. Three unsuccessful attempts 
to establish a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic Ocean 
were made in 1857, 1858, and 1865. In the first and last 
of these the cable parted and was partially lost; in the 
second it was laid, but almost immediately failed to 
convey signals. A fourth attempt, in 1866, proved en- 
tirely successful. The success of this gigantic enter- 
prise, persisted in under so many discouragements, was 
due to the untiring energy of Cyrus W. Field. The suc- 
cessful cable of 1866 was laid by the Great Eastern., the 
largest steam-vessel ever constructed. She was built in 
London, and made her first trip in 1859. " The Atlantic 
cable is about 2,600 miles long, and contains no less 
than 25,000 miles of copper w^ire in the conductor, 35,000 
miles of iron wire in the outside covering, and upward 
of 400,000 miles of strands of hemp, more than enough 
in all to go twenty-four times round the world. Its 
strength is sufticient to bear a strain of nearly twenty- 
eight tons. 

20. Education. — The establishment of Common Schools, 
in which all classes could be educated, has been a distin- 
guishing feature in the civil progress of the country. 
Several of the States have inserted in their Constitutions 
articles requiring the maintenance of public schools. In 
New England, the principle has been ever avowed and 
sustained, that it is the right and duty of government to 



1 9. When and where was the first successful submarine telegraph laid? What 
fm-ther can you state in relation to telegraph cables? 

20. What constitutionalreqnirements. as regards public schools, have been 
made by several States? What principle has been sustained in New England? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 203 



provide the means for the instruction of tlie youth of all 
classes of society in the elements of learning. Other 
States have adopted this principle. In Massachusetts, 
by statute enacted in 1047, "each town, consisting of fifty 
householders, was directed to maintain a school to teach 
their children to read and write, and every town of one 
hundred families was to maintain a gi-ammar school to fit 
youth for college." In the early history of Connecticut, 
similar laws were passed. 

21. It has been uniformly a part of the land system of 
the United States to provide for public schools. In tlio 
organization of territories and the admission of States, the 
condition has often been imposed, that a part of c^ach 
township should be permanently applied for the use or 
support of such schools. In nearly all the States, there is 
a large fund devoted to the support of common schools, 
under jirovisions of State law. The special instruction 
of teachers has become a prominent feature in the educa- 
tional systems of most of the States. Several of the States 
have a Normal School fund. In most of the Slave-States, 
popular education was greatly neglected; but since the 
close of the Civil War, strenuous efforts have been made 
in many of the southern States to provide the means of 
educatinir all classes, including: the children of the freed- 
men. The High Schools and Colleges of the country 
have also attained a high rank for scholarship and efticiency 
of education. 

22. LiTERATUKE. — DuHng the colonial period, America 
gained no prominence in any department of literary 
effort, except, perhaps, that of theolofj^j, religious dispu- 
tation almost absorbing the intellectual energies of the 

21. What IK stated of the (government land ByBtem in connection with pub- 
lic t-cho()]>i'f Wliat condition lias often been imposed'/ What iii stated of com- 
mon frchool fiindi^? Normal school I'nnd? 

22. What \H Htated of American literature daring the colonial period? Of 
Jonathan Edwards'/ Of American oratory'/ 

9* 



204 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 



age. Jonathan Edwards, by the publication of his mas- 
terly " Treatise on the Will," at once secured for himself 
the respectful attention of thinkers in the mother-country ; 
several of his sermons were republished in England, 
This distinguished man died in 1786. Since that time 
American literature has been enriched by many works of 
genius in almost every department. In oratory, no nation 
(;an claim to have surpassed the United States ; and the 
speeches of Webster, Clay, and Everett will ever remain 
as monuments of the literary culture, as well as clearness 
and power of reasoning of those distinguished men. These 
are but the bright stars in a cluster of brilliant names. 

23. Irving's writings were the first to make American 
literature popular abroad ; their genial spirit, inimitable 
humor, and elegant style attracting all classes of readers. 
In history, independently of what has been done to illus- 
trate specially the annals of every part of our own country 
by a host of worthy writers, the works of Bancroft, Hil- 
dreth, Prescott, and Motley, have given our literature a 
high rank. In fiction. Cooper won for himself, by his 
" Leather-stocking Tales," a very decided pre-eminence ; 
but Hawthorne, as a literary artist, is doubtless decidedly 
superior. Paulding, Simnis, Kennedy, Neal, Brown, and 
Poe occupy conspicuous places in this field of literary 
efibrt. 

24. The effusions of American poets have deservedly 
obtained very higli commendation and favor. These 
writers are a legion in number ; and in this brief sketch, 
even a partial enumeration is impossible. The two most 
prolific branches of American literature are educational 
works and journalism, in both of which the country has 
Attained a rank which, without doubt, will compare favor- 
ably with that of any other nation. 

23. Of Irving's writings? In relation to history? Fiction? 

24. Poets and poetry? Educational works and jouiualism? 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 205 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1857. James Buchaiian was inaugurated president March 4. 

1858. Minnesota was admitted into the Union May IL 

1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union Feb. 14. 

Jolin Brown made a raid into Virginia Oct. 16. 

1860. Soutli Carolina passed a secession ordinance Dec. 20, 

Anderson withdrew from Ft. Moultrie to Ft. Sumter. Dec. 26. 

1861. Mississippi (Jan. 9), Florida (Jan. 10), Alabama (Jan. 

11), Georgia (Jan. 10), Louisiana (Jan. 26), Texas 
(Feb. 1), Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (Ma}^ 6), Ten- 
nessee (May 7), and North Carolina (:May 20), passed 
secession ordinances. 

Kansas was admitted into the Union Jan. 29. 

' The " Southern Confederacy" was formed Feb. 

Davis became " President of the Confederacy" Feb. 18. 

Lincoln was inaugurated president of the U. States. . .Mar. 4. 

The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter April 12, 13. 

President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops April 15. 

Davis offered letters of marque and reprisal. . . , April 17. 

Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. . .April 19. 

Volunteer troops were attacked in Baltimore April 19. 

England (May 13), France (June 10), Spain (June 17), 
and Portugal (Jul}^ 29), acknowledged the Con- 
federate states as belligerents. 

The Confederates were routed at Philippi June 3. 

Union troops were repulsed at Big Bethel June 10. 

The Confederates were routed at Booneville June A7. 

The United States Congress met in extra session July 4. 

The Confederates were victorious at Carthage .July 5. 

The Coijfedcrates were routed at Rich Mountain July 11. 

The Union army was routed at Bull Run July 21. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Wilson's Creek. Aug. 10. 

A Union force captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet. .Aug. 29. 

Lexington, Mo., was surrendered to the Confederates. Sep. 20. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Ball's Bluff Oct. 21. 

A Union force captured forts at Port Royal entrance . Nov. 7. 

The Confederates were victorious at Belmont .Nov. 7. 



206 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1861. Mason and Slidell were taken from a Br. steamer Nov. 8. 

1862. The Confederates were defeated at jNIill Spring Jan. 19. 

Fort Henry was captured by a fleet ot U. S. gunboats . Feb. 6. 

A Union force captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8. 

Fort Donelson was captured by the Unionists .-Feb. 16. 

The Confederates were defeated at Pea Ridge March 8. 

The Merrimac destroyed tAvo U. S. vessels Mar. 8 

Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac. . .March 9. 

The Unionists captured Newbern March 14. 

The Confederates were defeated at Winchester. . . .j\Iarch 23. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Shiloh April 7. 

Island No. 10 was captured by the Unionists April 7. 

Fort Pulaski was surrendered to the Unionists April 11. 

New Orleans was captured b}^ the Unionists April 25. 

The Confederates retreated from Williamsburg May 5. 

The battle of Fair Oaks was fought May 31, June 1. 

Memphis surrendered to the Unionists June 6. 

" The Seven days' contest before Richmond" . . June 25-July 1. 

The battle of Cedar Mountain was fought Aug. 9. 

Battles between Manassas and Washington. .... .Aug. 23-30. 

The Confederates were victorious at Richmond, Ky. Aug. 30. 

The Confederates, under Lee, invaded Maryland Sept. 5. 

Lee's army was defeated at South ]\Iountam Sept. 14. 

Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates Sept. 15. 

Lee's army was defeated at Antietam Sept. 17. 

The Unionists were victorious at luka . . Sept. 19. 

Tlie Confederates were repulsed at Corinth Oct. 4. 

The Unionists gained the battle of Perry ville Oct. 8. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Fredericksburg. Dec. 13. 

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1. 

The Confederates captured Galveston Jan. 1. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Murfreesboro Jan. 2. 

The Unionists captured Arkansas Post Jan. 11. 

The Confederates were defeated at Port Gibson May 1. 

The Unionists were defeated at Cliancellorsville May 3. 

West Virginia was admitted into the Union June 20. 

Lee made his second invasion of Maryland June 21. 

The Union army was victorious at Gettysburg July 3. 

Vicksburg was surrendered to the Unionists July 4. 

Port Hudson was surrendered to the Unionists July 8. 

The great riot in New York occurred July 13-16. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 207 

1863. Morgan made a raid into Indiana and Ohio Juiy. 

Tlie Confederates were victorious at Chickamauga. .Sept. 20. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Chattanooga Nov. 25. 

The Confederates were repulsed before Knoxville.. .Nov. 29. 

1864. The Unionists were defeated at Olustee Feb. 20. 

Grant was appointed Lieutenant- General ]\Iarch 3. 

Grant was appointed to command the U. S. armies. . Mar. 12. 

The Red River Expedition was made March and April. 

The Confederates captured Fort Pillow April 12. 

The Army of the Potomac began a forward movement. May 3. 

The battle of the Wilderness was fought May 5, 6. 

Sherman began his march against Atlanta May 7. 

The battles near Spottsylvania were fought May 9-21. 

The Unionists were routed near New Market May 15. 

The Confederates were defeated at Piedmont June 5. 

The Kearsarge met and sunk the Alabama June 19. 

The Confederates, under Early, invaded Maryland . . .July 4, 
The Confederates gained a victory at the ]\Ionocacy. .July 9. 

Sherman gained victories before Atlanta July 20, 22, 28. 

Chambersburg was sacked and partly burned July 30. 

The Unionists exploded a mine before Petersburg. . .July 30. 

The Unionists gained a victory in Mobile Bay Aug. 5. 

Sherman captured Atlanta ...,., Sept. 2. 

The Confederates were defeated at Winchester Sept. 19. 

The Confederates were routed at Fisher's Hill Sept. 22. 

The Unionists were victorious at Cedar Creek Oct. 19. 

Nevada was admitted into the Union Oct. 31. 

The Confederates were repulsed at Franklin Nov. 30. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Nashville Dec. 16. 

Savannah was occupied by Sherman's army Dec. 21. 

1865. Union troops and fleet captured Fort Fisher Jan. 15. 

Sherman captured Columbia Feb. 17. 

Charleston was occupied by Union troops Feb. 18. 

Wilmington was captured by Union troops Feb. 22. 

The Freedmen's Bureau Bill became a law March 3. 

The Unionists were victorious at Averysboro March 16. 

The Confederates were routed at Benton ville March 20. 

Union troops occupied Petersburg and Richmond. . .April 3. 

Lee surrendered to Grant April 9. 

President Lincoln was assassinated April 14. 

Andrew Johnson was inaugurated president April 15. 



;^U8 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1865. Gen. J. E. Jolmston suiTendercd to SlK.n-mau Ajiril 9.Q 

Jefferson Davis was captured. ...... ]May 10. 

Slavery was declared constitutionally abolished .Dec. IS. 

1866. Congress passed 2d F's Bureau Bill over veto July 16. 

1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union :March 1. 

Congress passed Reconstruction Bill over veto. . . .March 2. 

Congress passed Tenure-of-Office Bill over veto March 2. 

Alaska was purchased for $7,200,000 June 20. 

'1868. The House of Repre'tives impeaclied Pres't Johnsou.Feb. 24. 
The president's trial was commenced in the Senate.. Mar. 80. 

He was acquitted on the eleventh article May 16. 

He was acquitted on two other articles May 26. 

Stanton resigned as secretary of war May 26. 

The 14th Amendment was declared adopted July 28. 

1869. Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated president March 4. 

1870. The 15th Amendment w^as declared adopted 

1871. The " Alabama Treaty " was concluded May 8. 

The great fire of Chicago occurred Oct. 7, 8, 9. 

1873. Grant was inaugurated for a second term March 4. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 209 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give the history of the slaverj- question .... 21, 136, 141, 150, 151, 152. 157, 158 

2. Give the account of John Brown's raid 157 

3. State the circumstances attending Lincoln's election 157, 158 

4. Give the facts in relation to the history of Fort Sumter 15S-160 

5. How many and what states passed secession ordinances ? 186 

(5. Give the history of the formation of the Southern Confederacy 159 

7. "S\Tiat property did the Confederates take possession of? 159 

8. What is said in connection with Lincoln's inauguration ? 159 

9. What, in connection with his inaugural address ? 159 

10. What three proclamations were issued in April, 1861 ? 160 

11. What occurred during that month in Baltimore ? 160 

12. How did the United States lose Harper's Ferry and Norfolk ? 160, 161 

13. What movement was made by order of General Scott ? 161 

14. Give the particulars in relation to the battle of Bull Run 161, 162 

15. In relation to McClellan's campaign in West Virginia 162 

16. In relation to Lyon's successes, his defeat and death 162, 163 

17. In relation to Mulligan's defence and surrender 163 

18. What followed, connected with Fremont, Hunter, and Halleck ? 163 

19. Give the particulars of Bakers defeat at Ball's Bluff 163 

20. Of the coast expedition to North Carolina 163 

21. Of the coast expedition to South Carolina 163, 164 

22. Of the capture and release of Mason and Slidell 164 

23. Of the unfriendly action taken by England and France 164 

24. Give the history of the steamer Sumter 164 

25. How was the U. S. Navy increased and employed during 1861 ? 164, 166 

26. What changes in money matters took place in 1861 '? 166 

27. Name the important events of 1861 186, 187 

28. What preparations were made as regards the Mississippi ? 166 

29. Give an account of Thomas's victory at Mill ^ring 166 

30. Of Commodore Foote's success against Fort Henry 166 

31. Of Grant's success at Fort Donelson 166,167 

.32. Of the success of the expedition against Roanoke 167 

33. Of events in Arkansas during March, 1862 167 

84. Of events at and near Hampton Roads, March 8th and 9th 167, 168 

35. What two successes did General Pope gain in the West ? 168 

36. What success did Com. Davis have soon after ? 168 

37. Give a full account of the battle of Shiloh 168, 169 

38. What did General Halleck do after the battle ? 169 

39. To Avhat position was General Halleck then called ? 169 

40. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans 169 

41. Of Rosecrans's two victories— luka and Corinth 169 

42. Of Bragg's march through Tennessee and Kentucky 169, 170 

43. What new organization of military departments was made ? 170 

44. How did McClellan begin his Peninsular Campaign ? 170 

45. What success did he have at Yorktown and Williamsburg ? 170 

46. Give some account of General Wool 145, 170 

47. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks 170, 171 



210 KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGK 

48. Give an account of Banks's escape from capture 171 

49. Give an account of the " Seven Days' Battle before Richmond" ITl 

50. What change did Lincoln make in army organizations ? 171 

51. Give an account of the contest between Lee and Pope 171, 172 

52. What movement did Lee then make ? 172 

58. Give an account of the battle of South Mountain 172 

54. Of the loss (for the second time) of Harper's Ferry 172 

55. Of the battle of Antietam, and Lee's retreat 172 

56. Of McClellan's subsequent movements and loss of command 172 

57. Of Burnside's attempt to reach Richmond 172 

58. Name, in order, the important events of 18(32 187 

59. What important event occurred on the 1st of January, 18G3 ? 172 

60. State what took place at Galveston on that day 173 

61. Give an account of Rosecrans's victory at Murfreesboro 173 

62. Of the capture by Union forces of Arkansas Post 173 

63. Give an account of the battle of Chancellor.sville 173 

64. What march and pursuit a month afterward took place ? 173 

65. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg 173 

66. Give an account of Grant's success on the Mississippi 175 

67. Give an account of Banks's success at Port Hudson .". 175 

68. Of the entire contest for the Mississippi 160, 168, 169, 175 

69. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek 175 

70. Give an account of the battle of Chattanooga 175 

71. Give a sketch of Rosecrans's military career 169, 170, 175 

72. Give a sketch of Burnside's military career 167, 172, 173, 175 

73. Give an account of Morgan's raid into Indiana and Ohio 175, 176 

74. Give an account, with the cause, of the riot in New York City 176 

75. What service did the navy render during the year 1863 ? 176 

76. In what case, and why, was not the blockade successful ? 176 

77. Give the early history of the state of West Virginia 176 

78. Name, in order, the important events of 1863 187, 188 

79. What disaster befell the Unionists in Florida ? 176, 177 

80. Give the full account of the Red River expedition 177 

81. Give the full account of Forrest's raid in the West 177 

82. What two extensive campaigns were planned? 177 

83. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Johnston 177,178 

84. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Hood 178 

85. Of events from the 4th to the 7th of May with the army of the Potomac 178 

86. Of the battles of Spottsylvania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor 178, 179 

87. What movement did Meade afterward make ? 179 

88. What attempts were made to capture Petersburg ? 179 

89. Give a sketch of Sigel's military career 162, 167. 179 

90. Give an account of Early's invasion of Maryland 179 

91. Give a full account of the contest between Sheridan and Early 180 

92. Give an account of Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah 180 

93. Give a full account of the contest between Thomas and Hood 180, 181 

94. Give, in full, the history of the Confederate steamer Alabama. . . 164, 181 

95. What did Admiral Farragut accomplish during che war ? 169, 181 

96. What was done by General Butler during the war ? 161, 168, 169, 179^ 181 

\)7. Name the important events of 1864 ! Ib8 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 211 



PAGE 

98. Give an account of the failure and success at Fort Fisher. 181 

99. Give an account of Sherman's march from Savannah 181,182 

100. Of his whole march from Chattanooga 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 

101. Give an account of the closing military events of the war 18-2 

102. Give an account of the events of April 14th, 15th, and 16th 182, 212 

103. Give an account of the other events of that month 182, 183, 207,208 

104. Give an account of the other events of the year 1865 183, 207,208 

105. Give the important military events in Grant's life.. 163, 166, 168, 175, 177-182 

106. Name, in order, the important events of 1865 207,208 

107. State all the facts in connection with the Freedmen's Bureau Bills. . .183, 207 

108. All, in connection wdth the subject of '• Reconstructing the Union" = , 184 
100. All, in relation to the Tenure-of-Office Bill 184 

110. What can you state of Nebraska and Alaska ? 184 

111. Give the facts relating to Stanton's suspension from office 184, 185 

112. Relate the events which grew out of the suspension , , . . . 18-5 

113. Give the facts in relation to Grant's election to the presidency 186 

114. Give the history and import of the 14th Amendment to the Consti- 

tution 186, App., p. 39 

115. The history and import of the 15th Amendment 186, App., p. 41 

116. State what you can in relation to the great Chicago fire 186 

117. Give the history, in full, of the settlement of the Alabama Claims. . 187 



Questions to be answered from the Tables on page 212. 

1. How many presidents- of the United States have there been ?— 2. Give their 
names in the order of their succession.— 3. How many and which of them served 
two terms each?— 4. Which of them died while in office? (141, 151, 182.)— 5. By 
whom were they succeeded in office?— 6. How many states belonged to the 
Union when Washington was inaugurated in 1789 ? (Appendix, p. 11.)— 7. When 
did North Carolina and Rhode Island adopt the Constitution of the United States ? 
(Ap., p. ll.)-8. Name the thirteen original states in the order of their settlement. 
—9. Name them in their geographical order, beginning with the one most north- 
easterly.— 10. How many states belonged to the Union at the close of Washing- 
ton's administration ?-ll. Give the names of the three new states, with the dates 
of their admission into the Union.— 12. What addition was made to the Union 
during Jefferson's administration?— 13. What, during Madison's administra- 
ti(m?— 14. What, during Monroe's?— 15 What, during Jackson's ? -16. What, 
during Tyler's?— 17. What, durinij Polk's?- 18. What, during Fillmore's ?- 19. 
What, auring Buchanan's ?— 20. What, during Lincoln's? ■ 21. What, during 
Johnson's ?— 22. Name the administrations during which no states were admitted 
to the Union. 



21-2 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NO. 
1. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

\i 

15. 

16, 

17. 
18. 


PRESIDENTS. 


RESIDENCE. 


INAUGURATED. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 


George Washington. 
John .\.danis. 

Thomas Jefferson... 
James Madison 

James Monroe 

John Q. Adams 

Andrew Jaclsson 

JIartin Van Buren . . . 
William H. Harrison. 

John Tyler 

James K. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan . . . 

Abraham Lincoln.... 

Andrew Johnson 

Ulysses S, Grant 


Virginia 

Massachusetts . 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts . 

Tennessee 

New York 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Tennessee 


April 30, 1789 

March 4, 1797 

March 4, 1801 .... | 

March 4, 1809 .... J 

March 4, 1817 

March 4. 1825 

March 4, 1829.... .| 

March4. L837 

March 4, 1841 

April 6, 1841 

March 4, 1815 . 


John Adams. 
Thomas Jefferson. 
Aaron Burr. 
George (Linton. 
George (Minton. 
Elbridge Gerrv. 
Daniel D. Tonipkins. 
John (;. Calhoun. 
John C. ('alhoun. 
.Martin Van Buren. 
Richard M. Johnson. 
John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas. 


Louisiana 

New Vork 

New Hampshire 
Pennsylvania . . 

Illinois 

Tennessee 

Illinois 


March 5, 1849 

July 10, 1850 

March 4, 1853 

March 4. 1857 

March 4, 1861 . . . . .| 
April 15. lSti5 ..... 
March*, 1869 .... | 


Millard Fillmore. 

William R. King. 
John C. Breckinridge. 
Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 

Schuyler Colfax. 




Henry Wilsoa. 



SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION 07 THE STATES. 



Virginia 

New York 

Massachiisetts 

New Hampshire ... 

Connecticut 

Maryland 

Rhode Island 

Delaware 

North Carolina 

New Jersey 

South Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 

Vermont 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

AVisconsin 

(California 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia 

Nevada 

Nebraska 



When. 



1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
16;i3 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1720 
1711 
1625 
17&4 
1685 
1670 
1.565 
1692 
18;« 
I6(i9 
1769 
1846 
1811 



Where. 



Jamestown 

New York 

Plymouth 

Little Harbor 

Windsor , 

St. .Mary's 

Providence , 

Wilmington 

t/howan River . . 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River 

Philadelphia.... 

Savannah 

Fort Dumraer... 

Boonesboro 

Fort Loudon 

Marietta 

Iberville 

Vincennes 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia 

Mobile 

Bristol 

St. Louis 

Arkansas Post . . 

Detroit 

St. Augustine . . 

San Antonio 

Burlington 

Green Bay 

San Diego 

St. Paul 

Astoria , 



By whom. 



English 

Dutch 

English.... 

English 

English 

English... 

English 

Swedes 

English 

Dutch 

English 

English.... 
English.... 

English 

English 

English 

English.. . 
French . ; . . 
French . . . 

French 

French 

F^rench . . . , 

French 

French . . . . 

French 

French 

Spaniards. . 
Spaniards . 
English. . . . 

French 

Spaniards. . 
Americans 
Americans 
Americans 

English 

Americans 



1791/ 

1792 . 

1796 ) 

1802 

1812; 

1816 S 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1836 / 

1837 i 
1845 
1845) 
1846 > 
1848) 
1850 
1858/ 
1859/ 
18{)1 ) 
1863 < 
1864) 
1867 



DURING 

'HOSK AD- 

IIXISTRA- 

TION. 



Washington. 

i 

I Jefferson. 

1 Madison. 



Monroe. 

Jackson. 

Tyler. 

Polk. 

Fillmore. 

Buchanan. 

Lincoln. 
Johnson. 



APPENDIX. 



THE DECLARATlOlv OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration hy the Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled^ July 4^/i, 1776. 

Whex, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
gary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
ihem, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind re- 
quires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men 
are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain unalienable rights; that among these, are 
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to se- 
cure these rights, governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes 
destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to 
alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing 
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will dictate that governments long established, should not 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



be changed for light and transient causes j and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more 
disposed to suffer, wliile evils are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are ac- 
customed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurj^a- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a de- 
sign to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their 
right, it is their duty, to throw oif such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufterance of these colonies, and such 
is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of government. The history of the pres- 
ent king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish- 
ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws ihe most Avholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- 
diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their 
operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when 
so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda- 
tion of large districts of people, unless those people would 
relinquish the right of representation in the legislature; 
a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants 
only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places un- 
usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of 
their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them 
into compliance Avith his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights 
of the people. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, 
to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative 
powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the 
people at large for thejr exercise ; the state remaining, in 
the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from 
without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for natural- 
ization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage 
their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out 
their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing ar- 
mies, without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a juris- 
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended 
legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among 
us: 

For protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit- 
ants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 



6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial 
by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for j)re- 
tended offences 

For abolisliing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- 
der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- 
uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of 
our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
cases whatsoever. 

lie has abdicated government here, by declaring us ont 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, 
and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty 
and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive 
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
become the executioner's of their friends and brethren, or 
to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and 
has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- 
tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of 
warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

• In every stage of these oppressions, w^e have petitioned 
for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may dehne a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwar- 
lantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and mag- 
hanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
Avould inevitably interrupt our connections and corre- 
spondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acqui- 
esce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies 
in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States 
of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the 
good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- 
clare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought 
to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved 
from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po- 
litical connection between them and the state of Great 
Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, 
as free and independent states, they have full power to 
levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which in- 
dependent states may of right do. And, for the sup])ort 
of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, 
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



8 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



The foregoins^ declaration was, 



by order of Congress, 
engrossed, and signed by the following members * 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



NeiD Hampsliire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Elleiy. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

Neio York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston. 
Francis I^ewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



Netc Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaicare. 
Csesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 



Charles Carroll, of Car- 
rollton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun., 
Francis LightfootLee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward,jurL 
Thomas Lynch, jun. 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



Note. — "The fourth of July is the day of national rejoicing, for on that clay 
the Declaration of Independence, that solemn and sublime document, was 
adopted. Tradition j^ives a dramatic effect to its announcement, it was known 
to be under discussion, but the closed doors of C()U<,'ress excluded the populace. 
They awaited, in throngs, an appointed si<,'nal. In the steeple of the state-house 
(Philadelphia), was a bell imported twenty-three years i)reviously from Loudon 
by the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania. It bore the portentous text 
from Scripture : ' Proclaim liljerty throui,^hout all the land, unto all the inliabi- 
tants thereof.' A joyous peal from that bell gave notice that the bill had been 
passed. It was the knell of British domination. * * * The excitable populace 
of New York were not content with the ringing of bells to proclaim their joy. 
There was a leaden statue of George III. in the Bowling Green, in front of the 
fort. Since kingly rule is at an end. why retain its cthgy? On the same even- 
ing, therefore, the statue was pulled down amid the shouts of the multitude, and 
broken up to be run into bullets ' to be used in the cause of independence.' " 
—Irvwcfs Life of Washington. 



THE CONSTITFTION 



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



1. Origin of the Constitution. — When the Revolu- 
tionary struggle commenced, there were three forms of 
colonial government in force among the colonies, namely : 
the provincial or royal, the proprietary, and the charter. 
The provincial or royal government was under the con- 
trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, adminis- 
tered affairs according to instructions from his royal mas- 
ter. The colonies of tliis class were New Hampshire, 
New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 

2. The proprietary government was under the control of 
one or more proprietors, who derived their authority by 
grant and privileges conferred by the king. Pennsylva- 
nia, Delaware, and Maryland were subject to the proprie- 
tary rule. The charter government secured certain politi- 
cal rights to the people by royal charter. Of this class 
were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

3. On the 11th of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a 
committee should be appointed to prepare a form of con- 



1. What forms of government exigted am^onj; the colonies previous to the 
Kevokjtiou? What was the provincial or royal government? Which of the 
colonies were provincial or royal ? 

2. What was the proprietary government? Give the names of the colonies 
that were subjected to the proprietary rule ? What was the charter government ? 
Which of the colonies bad charters ? 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



federation, to be entered into by the colonies. On the 
12th of July following, this committee, consisting of one 
from each state, reported a draft of Articles of Confedera- 
tion. The Report was considered and debated from time 
to time mitil the 15th of November, 17V7, when, with some 
amendments, it was adopted. 

4. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 
by all the states except Delaware and Maryland, and by 
Delaware in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on 
the part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 
1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were signed 
by the delegates from that state. 

5. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation 
were not adequate to the wants of the government. They 
were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the 
settling of controversies between the states, the making 
of treaties with foreign nations, and especially so in not 
conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liqui- 
date the debts incurred during the war. 

6. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the 
states, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 
1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confed- 
eration ; but it was thought best bj- a majority of the 
delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, 
instead of making any attempts to amend the defective 
one then in existence. Accordingly, on the 17th of Sep 
tember, 1787, after four months' deliberation, the present 
Constitution, — except some changes which w^ere made 
in after years, — was adopted by the Convention. 



3. What resolution was first adopted in Congress in relation to a form of con- 
federation ? Give the subsequent history of the measure. 

4. When did the states ratify the Articles of Confederation ? When did the 
Articles of Confederation ^'o into effect ? 

5. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- 
tion ? In what respects were they deficient-? 

6. What convention was held in May, 1787 ? What was done by the conveu- 
tion ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 



7. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, 
who, in the neAvspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, 
discussed it with earnestness and thoroughness ; the rati- 
fication of nine states being requisite before it could go 
into effect. It met with considerable opposition •, but 
after it had been adopted by all the states, except Xorth 
Carolina and Rhode Island, it went into operation, March 
4th, 1789. 



Note.— CongresB ought to have met on the 4f.h of March, 1789, but in conse- 
quence of delay in the arrival of members, the most of whom had to make their 
way to New York on horseback or by sea, there being no railroads in those 
days, a quorum was not secured before the 30th. " Washington received sixty- 
nine votes, that being the whole number of electors voting. John Adams re- 
ceived thirty-four votes in all, not a majority ; but sufficient, as the Constitution 
then stood, being the second highsst number, to make him vice-president." 
The sixty-nine votes received by Washington were from ten states only. New 
York did not vote because of a disagreement between the two houses of her 
lesfisiature ; and North Carolina and Khode Island had not adopted the Consti- 
tution. " The inauguration was delayed for several days by a question which 
had arisen as to the form or title by which the President elect was to be ad- 
dressed; and this had been deliberated in a committee of both Houses. The 
question had been mooted without Washington's privity, and contrary to his 
desire, as he feared that any title miaht awaken the sensitive jealousy of Repub- 
licans at a moment when it was all important to conciliate public good will to 
the nev/ form of government. It was a relief to him, therefore, when it was 
finally resolved that the address should be simply 'the President of the United 
States, without any addition of title ; a judicious form which has remained to 
the present day.""— Irving' s Life of Washington. 

The Constitution was Adopted as follows ; 

By Delaware, on the 7th of December 1787 

Pennsylvania, on the 12th of Decembej 1787 

New Jersey, on the 18th of December 1787 

Georgia, on the 2d of January . 1788 

Connecticut, on the 9th of January 178S 

Massachusetts, on the 6th of February 1788 

Maryland, on the 28th of April . 1788 

South Carolina, on the 23d of May 1788 

New Hampshire, on the 21st of June 1788 

Virginia, on the 26th of June 1788 

New York, on the 26th of July 1788 

North Carolina, on the 21st of November 1789 

Rhode Island, on the 29th of May 1790 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



PREAMBLE 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote 
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
this Constitution for the United States of America. 



ARTICLE L 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

SECTION II. 

Is^ Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the peo- 

Preamble.— What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? What 
l8 the object of the preamble? Ans. To state the purposes of the Constitution. 
How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? By whom was the 
C^onstitution ordained and established ? Recite the preamble. How many and 
what departments of e;overnment are established under the Constitution ? Aiis. 
Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. What is the legislative 
department? ^ Ans. The power that enacts the laws. What is the executive de- 
partment ? Aris. Thepower that enforces the laws. What is the judicial depart- 
ment ? Alls. The power that interprets the laws. 

Article \.—Sec. 1. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? In 
whom is the legislative power vested? Of how many and what branches does 
Congress consist? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 

pie of the several states, and the electors in each state 
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the 
most numerous branch of the state legislature. 

2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, 
and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state 
in which he shall be chosen. 

Zd Clause. Reprejsentatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several states which may be included 
within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a 
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, threo- 
fifths of all other persons.* The actual enumeration shall 
be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by 
law direct. The number of representatives shall not ex- 
ceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall 
have at least one representative ; and until such enumera- 
tion shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall 
be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, 

Sec. Tl.—'i.st Clause.— By wnom are the representatives chosen ? How often 
are they chosen ? What qualiflcations are requi>*ite lor electors of representa- 
tives? What is an elector ? Ans. One who has the right to vote in choosing an 
ofiicer. 

2rf CTa?<se.— How old must a person 1)6 before he can be a representative? 
How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is the 
requisite in regard to his habitation ? Now name the three qualifications 
requisite for a renresentative. 

6d Clau6e.~How were representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
stales y How were the respective numbers of the representative population oi 
th • several states to be determined? What provision is made in regard to In- 
dians? What was meant by "all other persons?" J^ns. Slaves. 'S^Tien v.-as the 
first censn? or enumeration to be made ? How often thereafter is the census to 
be made? How many inhabitants at least are required for one representative? 
H a state should not have that number, what is the law ? Was the first represent 
ation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several states ? Which 
state at first sent the greatest number of representatives? Which two states 
echt the smallest number? Of how many members did the first House of Rep 
resentatives consist ? Of how many docs the present House consist? (2y'2.) 

* See Article XIV. of the Amendments. 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eiglit, Del- 
aware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina 
five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

Ath Clause. When vacancies happen in the representa- 
tion from any state, the executive authority tliereof shall 
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

bth Cause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

\st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the 
legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall 
have one vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided 
as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
tion of the second year, of the second class at the expira- 
tion of the fourth year, and of the third class at the ex- 
piration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen 
every second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna- 

Ath Clause.— How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be flllecl? 

5ih Clause.— By whom is the speaker of the House of Representatives 
chosen? By whom are the otlier ollicers of the House chosen? Wiiat sole 
power has the House ? What is meant by impeachment? Arts. An accusation 
asainst a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his 
ofhcial duties. 

Sec. \\\.—\st Clause.— Oi whom is the Senate composed ? By whom are the 
penators chosen ? For how long a period are they chosen ? How does the mode 
of electing a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. A senator of the 
United States is chosen by the legislature of his state; a representative is chosen 
by the people. How do their terms of office differ? Ans. A senator is chosen 
for six years; a representative for only two. How many votes is each senator 
entitled to? Have the large states any more senators than the small ones? 

M Clause.— Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? In 
what order were their seats of oftice vacated ? What proportion of the Senate 
is elected every second year ? How often is one-tliird elected? When may the 
executive of a state fill a vacancy in the Senate? For how long a time does a 
senator so apoointed hold his ottice ? How is the vacancy then filled? Now 
state how vacancies in the Senate are filled. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 

tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of 
any state, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, 
which shall then fill such vacancies. 

od Clause. No person shall he a senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine 
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he 
shall be chosen. 

4t/i Clause. The vice-president of the United States 
shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, 
unless they be equally divided. 

5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the 
vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of presi- 
dent of the United States. 

Qth Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to 
try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, 
they shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the presi- 
dent of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall 
preside : and no person shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

7t/i Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
not extend further than to removal from office, and dis- 
qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, 



Sd Clause.— Row old must a person be before he can be a senator? How long 
must he have been a citizen of the United States? What is required of him in 
rej^ard to residence? Now name the three requisites for a senator. How do 
the}' differ from those of a representative ? (See paoe 13.) 

Ath Clause.— Who is president of the Senate ? When only is he entitled to 
vote ? 

5ih Clause.— What officers are chosen by the Senate ? What is meant by a 
"president pro tempore?"' Ans. One chosen only for the time being. When 
does the Senate choose a "president pro tempore ?" 

(i(h Clause.— What sole i)ower has the Senate? What sole power has the 
House? (See page 14.") Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial 
of impeachments'? When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? Who 
presides when the president of the United States is tried? What proportion of 
the Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 

7<A Clause.— How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment? To 
what is the convicted party further liable ? 



16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

Isi Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- 
scribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the 
Congress may at any time by law make or alter such reg- 
ulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Mon- 
day in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif- 
ferent day. 

SECTION V. 

1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a 
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner and under such penalties as 
each house may provide. 

2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its pro- 

Sec. TV.—lst Clarise.—Wh&t is prescribed by each state legislature in regard 
to elections for senators and representatives ? What power has Congress over 
Buch regulations ? 

2d Clause.— How often does Congress assemble ? On what day is it prescribed 
that the meeting shall take place ? May a difterent day be appointed ': How ? 

Skc. V. —!.*;< Clause.— 0( -what is each house constituted the judge? What 
proportion constitutes a quorum ? What is meant by a quorum ? Am. A suffi- 
cient number to do business. What power do a smaller number possess as re- 
gards adjourning ? What else may they do as regards absentees ? 

2d C7«W5e.— What power has each house over the rules of its proceedings? 
What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules ? 

Sd Clause. — What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal? 
How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? What part of its jour- 
nal may either house withhold from publication ?' 

When shall the yeas Aud nays be entered on the journal ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 

ceediiigs, and from time to time publish the same, except- 
ing such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; 
and the yeas and nays of the members of either house 
on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

A:th Clause. Neither house, during the session of Con- 
gress shall, without the consent of the other adjourn for 
more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
in which the two houses shall be sitting. 



SECTION VI. 

\st Clause. The senators and representatives shall re- 
ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained 
by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
of the peace, be j^rivileged from arrest during their at- 
tendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech 
or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in 
any other place. 

Id Clause. No senator or representative shall, during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
civil office under the authority of the United States, which 
shall have been created, or the emoluments w^hereof shall 
have been increased during such time ; and no person 

Ath Clause.— For what length of time may either house adjourn without the 
consent of the other ? How is eacli house restricted as regards the place to 
which it may adjourn ? 

Sec. VI.— 16^^ Clause. — Are members of Congress compensated for their ser- 
vices ? How is tliC compensation determined ? Are members of Congress paid 
by their states respectively, or by the general government ? Ans. They are 
compensated by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States, 
What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to 'i What are the 
three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows to Con- 
gressmen ? In what does treason consist ? (See p. 32.) What is felony? Aits. 
A crime punishable with death. What is meant by a breach of the peace ? 
Ans. A violation of the public order. For what are members of Congress not 
to b€ questioned ? 

M Ctow<?€.— To what oflaces cannot members of Congress be elected? Sup- 
pose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 



18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
member of either house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

Ist Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originat& 
in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- 
pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such re- 
consideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass 
the bill, it shall be sent, togetlier with the objections, to 
the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
ered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten 
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented 
to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 

Sec. '7.— 1st Clause.— In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising 
revenue originate ? What power has the Seiiateover such bills ? 

2d Clause.— After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be 
done with it? What must the president do with the bill? What is the presi- 
dent's act of objecting to a bill called ? Ans. A veto. Why was the veto power 
given to the president ? A)is. To enable him to protect the executive depart- 
ment of the government against the encroachments of the legislature : also with 
a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. When the 
president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent ? When 
is the bill sent to the other house? What accompanies the bill to the other 
house? Then what does that other house do with the bill ? If two-thirds ap- 
prove of the bill, what then ? Now state how a bill may become a law, notwith- 
standing the veto of the president ? When the two houses reconsider a vetoed 
bill, how do they determine the votes ? What record of names is imperative ? 
State how a bill may become law, even though the president has neither signed 
nor vetoed it. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has 
passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 



had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which 
the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment) shall be presented, to the president of the United 
States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
proved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be 
repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 



SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power — 

1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the com- 
mon defence and general welfare of the United States ; but 
all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform through- 
out the United States ; 

2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States ; 

3d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 

Sd C'lanse. — What is necessary to be clone with orders, resolutions, and votes, 
requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can talce eftect ? What la 
the object of the provision? Aii-s. If it were not for the provision, Congress 
might pass laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the presi- 
dent's veto. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what 
course does it take ? In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both 
houses, has the president no veto power ? 

Sec. VIII.— Is^ Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
imposts, and excises ? What are taxes ? Ans. Contributions of money exacted 
by government from individuals, for public purposes. How many kinds of taxes 
are there ? Ans. Two ; direct and indirect. What are direct taxes ? Ans. 
Taxes laid directly on the person or property of individuals. What are indirect 
taxes •? ,4??,'?. Taxes laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of 
goods. What are duties? Ans. Taxes on the importation or exportation of 
goods. What are imposts? Ans. Taxes on goods imported. What are ex- 
cises ? Ans. Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 

2d Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money ? 

3d Clause.— W^hat in regard to regulating commerce ? 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Uh Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturaliza- 
tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
throughout the United States ; 

bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures ; 

Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

1th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

^th Clause. To promote the progress of science and 
useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 
inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries ; 

^th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- 
preme court ; 

lO^A Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offences against the law 
of nations ; 

ll^A Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque 

4<A CTaw5«.— What in regard to a rule of naturalization ? What is meant by 
naturalization ? Ans. The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the 
United States. How long must a person reside in the United States before he 
can be naturalized ? Ans. Five years. What power has Congress in regard to 
bankruptcies ? What is meant by bankruptcies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt 
when he is unable to pay his just debts. 

Uh Clause.— WhSii power has Congress in regard to coining money ? What, 
in regard to the value of money ? What, in regard to foreign coins ? What, in 
regard to weights and measures. 

6^/i Clause.— Wh&t power has Congress in regard to counterfeitmg ? 

IthClause.—Vfh&t power has Congress in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 

Sih Clause.— Jn what way may Congress promote the progress of science and 
arts? For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive 
right of publishing it? Ans. Twenty-eight years? What is the right called ? 
Atis. A copyright. Maya copyright be renewed? Ans. At the expiration of 
the twenty-eight years, it may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 
For how long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right 
of manufactiiring it? Ans. Fourteen years. What is the right called? A 
patent right. Can a patent right be extended? Ans. The commissioner of 
patents is authorized, at the end of the fourteen years, to extend the right for 
the further period of seven years. 

Qih Clause.— \yhiix power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? 

lOt/i Clause.— What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? What is piracy ? 
A71S. Robbery on the high seas? What is meant by the term *'high seas?" 
Ans. All the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-w^ater mark. 

11th CTar^se.— What power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? What, 
in regard to " letters of marque and rejprisal ?" What are letters of marque and 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 

and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land 
and water ; 

\1th Clause. To raise and support armies; but no ap- 
])ropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
term tlian two years ; 

V?ytli (.■lause. To provide and maintain a navy; 

lUA Clause. To make rules for the government and 
regulation of the land and naval forces : 

loth Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
repel invasions ; 

\Q)th Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and 
disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of 
them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the states respectively the appoint- 
ment of the officers, and' tlie authority of training the 
militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con- 
gress ; 

nth Clause, To exercise exclusive legislation in all 
cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten 
miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the gov- 

reprigal ? Ans. Commissions granted by the government to individuals, author- 
izing them to prey upon the commerce of another nation. What power ha.a 
Congress in regard to rules concerning captures? 

Vzih Clause.— Wh&t uower has Congress in regard to armies. In what way 
is such power restricted ? 

V-Uh Clause.— Vs^hSiX. power has Confess in regard to a navy ? 

nth Clause.— Vi^ha.1 power in regard to the government of the land and navai 
forces ? 

\5th Clause. — What power in regard to calling forth the militia, etc. ? 

Vilh Clause. — What power in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining 
the militia ? Whi.t, in regard to governing the militia ? What reservations are 
secured to the respective states ? 

IWi Clause.— ^^hax. power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, 
and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth? What is the district 
occupied as the seat of government called? Ans. The District of Columbia. 
How large was the District of Columbia originally ? Ans. Ten square miles. 
From what states had it been derived? Ans. By cession from the states of 
Maryland and Virginia? Is the District of Columbia at present ten miles 
square ? Ans. The portion derived from Virginia having been ceded back to 
that state, in 1846. the District is now confined to the Marj'land side of the Po- 
tomac. What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property 
in a state for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. 



22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ernraent of the United States ; and to exercise like author- 
ity over all places i)urchased by the consent of the legis- 
lature of the state in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and 
other needful buildings ; — and 

18^A Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing 
powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution 
in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

\st Clause. The migration or importation of such per- 
sons as any of the states now existing shall think proper 
to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex- 
ceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2c? Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless Avhen in cases of rebellion 
or invasion the public safety may require it. 

3c? Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law 
shall be passed. 

18//i Clause. —VshAi general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
making laws ? 

Sec. IX.— Isi! CteWtse.— What restriction was imposed upon Congress in re- 
gard to the migration or importation of certain persons ? Who were meant by 
'' such persons ? Ans. Slaves. What was the great object of the clause ? Ans. 
To enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United 
States, after the year ISOS. In what way was Congress left to restrain the im- 
portation without actually forbidding it? When was the importation actually 
prohibited ? Ans. On the 1st of January, 1808. 

M 67aw.se.— What is said of the writ' of habeas corpus? What is a writ of 
habeas corpus? Ans. A written command from a judcre or other magistrate, 
directing that the body of a certaiTi person shall be brought before him. What 
is the object of the writ? Ans. To provide a means of redress for all manner 
of illegal" imprisonment. Repeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas 
corpus. In what cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be sus- 
pended? 

M Clause.— y^'Yiat is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? What 
is a bill of attainder? Ans. An act of the legislature inflicting the punishment 
of death, without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 
What is an ex post facto law? Ans. A law which renders an act punishable 
which was not punishable at the time of its commission. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 

Ath Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
herein before directed to be taken. 

bth Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
exported from any state. 

ijt/i Clause. No pi-eference shall be given by any regu- 
lation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state 
over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or 
from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties 
in another. 

1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treas- 
ury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; 
and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 

%th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States : and no person bolding any office of profit 
or trust under them, sliall, without the consent of the 
Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

SECTION X. 

\st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation; grant letters of marque and repiisal; 
coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but 



Uh Clause.— In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax ? 
What is meant by a capitation tax ? Ans. A direct tax upon individuals. How 
is the census to be taken ? (See p. 13.) . 

5tk Clause.— What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles 
exported from any state ? 

(it/i Clause.— What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of com- 
merce or revenue? What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state 
to another? , ^ . r ^u 

Vh CTa?/se.— Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the 
national treasury? What publication must be made in regard to receipts and 
expenditures of all public money? 

Uh C/awse.— What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility? ^^ hat 
is said of officeholders accepting presents, etc. ? Under what circumstances 
may an officeholder accept a present? Repeat the clause relating to titles and 
presents. , ^, , , 

Sec. X.— 1s« Clause.— WhaX prohibition is placed upon the several states 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass 
any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
its inspection laws * and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be 
for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all 
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
the Congress. 

^d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of 
war in time of peace, enter into" any agreement or com- 
pact with another state^ or with a foreign power, or en- 
gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
danger as will not admit of delay. 

as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations? What, as regards letters of 
marque and reprisal ? What, as regards the coining of money y What, as re- 
gards bills of credit? What is meant by hills of credit? Ans. Bills of credit, 
within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money 
among the })oople. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 
What prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a bill of attain- 
der? What, in regard to an ex post facto law? What, in regard to a law im- 
pairing the obligation of contracts ? What, iu regard to a title of nobility ? Re- 
cite the clause just considered. 

'id Clause.— What prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts 
or duties ? In what case only may a state lay any imposts or duties ? What arc 
inspection laws? Ans. Laws requiring certain articles of commerce to be ex- 
amined by officers called inspectors. What disposition must be made of the 
net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state ? What are the inspec- 
tion laws of individual states as regards imports or exports subject to? 

M C/a?/.fe.— What prohibitions are individual states under as to the laying of 
a duty of tonnatre ? What is a duty of tonnage ? Am. A tax laid on vessels at 
a certain rate ])er ton. What prohibition are individual states under as to the 
keeping of troops? What, as to the keeping of ships of war? What, as to an 
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power? What, as 
to engaging in war? Under what circumstances then may a state engage in 
war ? 

Note.— Under the original clause of the Constitution providing for the elec- 
tion of president and vice-president, the electors voted for two persons, without 
naming' their choice for the higher position, "the person having the greatest 
number of votes" being declared president, and the next, vice-president. 
Washington, John Adams, and Jefferson (for the first term), were so elected. 
For the present method, see the 12th Amendment, on the next page. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 

ARTICLE II. 
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

1st Clause. The executive j^ower shall be vested in a 
president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected 
as follows. 

2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but 
no senator or representative, or person holding an office 
of trust or profit under the United States, shall be aj)- 
pointed an elector. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and yote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same state with themselves ; they shall name in their bal- 

Article II.— Sec. l.—lst Clause.— O^ what does Article II. of the Constitu- 
tion treat ? In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 
What is the president's term of othce ? How often may a president be re- 
elected ? Ans. The Constitution does not limit the number of terms for -which 
a president may be re-elected. Who was the first president of the United States ? 
(See table, p. 212.) For how many terms did Washington serve ? Why was not 
Washington elected for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of 
office, he declined to be a candidate for a third term. What has been the effect 
of his declination ? Ans. Washington's example in declining to be elected for 
a third term, has become a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been 
guided. How many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See 
table, p. 212.) Which has the longest term of office — the president, a senator, or 
a representative? What term has each? What is the vice-president's term of 
office? Who was the first vice-president of the United States? (See table, p. 
212.) By whom are the president and vice-president chosen? Ans. The presi- 
dent and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 

"2(1 Clause. — In what manner does each state appoint electors ? What number 
of electors is each state entitled to ? Who are prohibited from being electors? 

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitntion.— What has been done with the 



26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

lots the person voted for as president, and in distinct bal- 
lots the person A^oted for as vice-president, and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, 
and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the 
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government 
of the United States, directed to the president of the Sen- 
ate; — the president of the Senate shall, in presence of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the 
person having the greatest number of votes for president, 
shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person 
have such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those 
A'oted for as president, the House of Representatives shall 
choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in 
choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, 
the representation from each state having one vote ; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or wM\ 
members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of 
all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a president 
wiienever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the 
vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the 
death or other constitutional disability of the president. 

original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to be taken 
to elect a president and vice-president? A»s. The original' clause of the 
Constitution, prescribing the mode in ^vhich the president and vice-president 
were to be elected has-been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth 
amendment to the Constitution. What is the history of the twelfth amende 
ment ? An^. It was proposed in 1S03, and declared adopted in 1S04. Where 
do the electoi's for president and vice-president meet? In what way do they 
vote? What is prescribed respecting one of the persons for whom they shall 
not vote ? How is it required that their ballots shall be made out ? After voting, 
what lists are they required to prepare ? What provision must be complied 
with, before the lists can pass out of their hands ? After the lists are signed, 
certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed? To what place are they 
then transmitted ? What does the president of the Senate do with the certifl- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 



2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
number be a majority of the Avhole number of electors 
appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from 
the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
choose the vice-president : a quorum for the purpose shall 
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary 
to a choice. 

3J Clause. But.no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
president of the United States. 



Ath Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall 
give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
the United States. 

hth Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or 

cates ? How is it determined who is elected president ? Now describe the 
manner in which the electors choose a president. In the event of no choice 
beinj^ made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen ? From how 
many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- 
dent ? In what way must the choice be made ? How are the votes taken in 
choosing' the president? How many votes is each state entitled to ? How many 
is each entitled to, when votins^ by electors? In choosing the president by the 
House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? In such case, how 
many states are necessary to a choice? Whenever the right of choosing a 
president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till What time may the 
right be exercised ? Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre- 
Bentatives choose a president ? In the event of both the electors and House of 
Representatives failing to clioose a president, what takes place ? 

•id Clause.— y^hii shall be the vice-president ? In the event of no pei'son hav- 
ing- a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? Wlien 
choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? How 
many are necessary to a choice ? 

Zd Clause.— Who are ineliirible to the office of vice-president ? 

4//i Clay se.— What power has Congress over the time of choosing the elect- 
ors? What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? In the event of 
Congress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what 
sameness is prescribed ? When are the electors chosen? Ans. On the Tues- 
day next after the fii'st Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 
Where do the electors meet to give their votes ? An, . In their respective states, 
fct a place appointed by the legislature thereof, usually in the capital. When do 
the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. On the tirst Wednesday in the last 
December of each presidential term. 



2H coNS'i'irurioN ok tjik unitki) sta'I'ks. 



n cili/cii of iIh^ lTiiit(Ml Stjiti'M Jil, ilto lirnc of I lie :i(|(»|tli(iii 
of tills Coiisl it til ion, shall be rli<j;il>l(' lo iIh' ollicc of )»r('Ki- 
(jciir; iicillicf shall any person he clij^ihlc l,o tliul ollicc 
who shall iio(, h:ivc atlaiiicd {o the ai^c of lliirl y-fivc years, 
and been Iniirlt'en years :i resideni, williin I he nnil.cd 
Slates. 

Qfh (^hiKS('. Ill case of 1 he removal <»!' 1 he |»residenl, IVoiii 
ofUce, or of his deal h, resiu,nalion, or inahilil y t(> discliari^i; 
the powers and dnlies ol' the Hai<l ollicc, the same shall 
de\()l\('<»ii ihe \ ice |)resideiil ; and I lie( 'onL;ress may l>y 
law |»ro\ idc (or the <'asc of removal, death, resiu^nution, 
or inahilily, both of the ]»rcsi(lcnt, an<l vice-president, de- 
claring" what, ollicer shall I hen acl as |>resident, and such 
oriicer shall act. a<*cor<liii^ly, iinlil Ihe <lis:il)ilit.y hi' re- 
innved, or a presidenl^ shall he elected. 

^t/i <U((tfs<: The president, shall, at stated times, rec<'ivo 
(or his services ji compensation, which shall neither be in- 
creasccl nnr (liniinished diiiiiiL;- the period Tor which he 
shall lia\(' been eleclcd, and he shall not, reccix c wit liiii 
that^ period any (»llier enioliimenl, rroin the rnited States, 
or any of t hem. 

Hfh ('hnisi'. r>er(»re he eiiler on the evcciilioii of his 
ollicc, he shall tak<' the foliowinL;- oal h or allirmal ion : — 

B/// ('Inline. Wliiil iHTHoii, iih rcyanlH IiIm pincr of hlrlli, cannot \w clij^lhUi to 
llic <imci" (irpiCMldciif y Mow old iMiiHt a pciHon he lo be (•ll>;lbl<' tt» that iAWvvt 
How iiwmv VfHfM uiiihI a ikthoii, to \n\ clit^lhlii to tjiut olUrt', iiavti rcnldi'd with- 
in llif I'niii-d SliilrHV N,,\v Hliiti- till- lr.;nl (iiiallllcatlonH of u pntHldtfnt. Ko- 
rile Uh' <1iiiih.- rrliitin^r I" H""' •jnalillnitlonH. 

iMh Cliiiisc. Ii. wliiit conlln-.MM-lcK dofw Iho olllctMif pn-Mldcnl dcvolv.- on (ho 
vice prcHidcnt y Wiiat pinvlhlon Ih nia(h> liy the ( 'oiiKtiliilion lor Hit- ( anc of 
mnioviil or dciilh, etc., of llir jJiTHldriit y \\\\t\\ proviMloii Ik iniidi- hv tin- Con- 
Htildlioii loi' \\w can.- olri'inoval or dtalh. i-lc, oC hoili picHldml and Vice picHl- 
• inil V |„ t|„. ciiHr of rrnioval. clc, of holli picHidrnl and vicr pn-Hldriil. what 
oIllciT himll, i),v law of Coiij/iTHH. act an prchhh'nl y Aim. 'I'hi- pn-t^ldrnl ol' Iho 
Si-nalf, ///■(» fi iii/Miri\ uliall act an prcnldcnt. What Ih to In- done, in ciihc Ihcrti 
Ih no prcHidciit of the Scimlcy .1//^. 'i"|i<- Hpcakcr of the IIoiihc of Ifcpri-HonUl- 
tl»t'H Hliail act MM prcHldcnt. How Ioiil; hIimII hiicIi otUccr continue to act y 

7/// rfiiiisf. Wha; docH the ConHtllnllon provide an rei'ardn Ihe conipciiHa- 
lion lo he allowed lo Ihe o'eHldeiit y What leHlilclion in InipoHed. in le-aid lo 
any other eiiioliinieid y iK-cile Ihe claiine rehlliii!,' to Ihe prenidiMd'H coiiipenHa 
tion. \N hat Ih Ihe ^alarv of the preHldeiil y Aiis. jHW),(MKI a year, to;,'elher wlllj 
the nneolihe pr.'Hidential nianM|,m and ItH l"iiriiUuio. What Ih Iho nalary uf 
U»o vico-proHldunty Am. iJilO.OOO u year. 



fXjNHTrniTION OF Till) UNITED HTATllH. 20 



" I <\<> soKfjiiily swear (or affirm) i\\:\X I will fjiitlifully 
(jxcrutc; l,li<; ol'li'-c of prcsiHcnl, of the I'liiU-d Sliilcs, un<l 
will, to ilic fx'Hl, ol" iny utility, pn-sc-rvc, pi-otc.ct, jxiid (J<- 
l(;ii<i the (JoriHtitulioiJ of ili(; (Juitod SlatoH." 

l.sV. (Jlat/.HC. M'hi; )>r'(;sirl<'iit shall Ix; f;(>rnrfiun(j('r-in-c,}i)(;f 
of Ifio army ;i,rid navy ol" th(; l.'nit,(;d Statr-H, and oi' iIm* 
ffiililia of l\\(i H(;V(!ral HtatcH, when called into tin; jutu.-d 
service of tlie (,'nited States; Ik- may rc^jiiii-e thr; opinion, 
;n wiitiriL'', of tlie piineipnl olliec)- in eaeli of tl)(; execu- 
tive dcpaitmcnt :-, upon any subject r(-latinj^ to tli(; (Juti(;H 
of tlieir resj>ectiv(; oiVici'H^ and }i(; shall }jav(^ [)f)wei- to 
Lnant repri(!ves and [jardons foroirences ap^ainstthe Cnitcd 
StatOH, cxc(^pt in cases of impeachment. 

'Zf/. (HaiiHC. He shall have power, hy and with the a<lvic<! 
and cons(;nt of the Senat(!, to make treaties, provided two- 
thii(Js of tlie senatoi'H j)rese,nt concur; and lie shall nomi- 
nat<!, and hy and with the advice and consent of th(; Senate, 
shall ;ij»f)oint arnbaHHadorH, otliej- puhlic miriisters ajid con- 
Huls, jud<^eH (d'tlu! HU[>rerne (;ouit, ;i,nd all other oflicers of 
th(! IJnit(;d States, whos(; appointmentH are not li(;rein 
ot,h(trwise provided for, and which shall he (istahlished hy 
law: hut the Corjgress m;i,y hy law vest th(i af)[)ointmeui 



H///, fUdUHC. Wluif, flo'-H tlx; \>ti-m\<\i:u\ flo, jiift, l)cfor<! i-u\i-r\i\is <>u Ihc <;x<;(;u 
tloti of JuH <<n)'!(; V Itcpirut, Mic rmlli or adiriiiitl ion tJik'tii l)y \\\t: j)n:>'ir|(iit. 

HKf,'. II. \hl. CIjliihc. Ill what, relation fIfXH liir; j>n;cirj(!;il, hKumI t.ovvani \\w 
army aiirl iiuvy y Wlntn only can in; comrnanfl tin; inililiaV VVIiohi; oninioiiH 
riiav Ji<; n;<jiiin; in writinj.'? I'pon what, nilijririK inav ii<; n-'iuii*; (In; opInlfjJiKy 
Im In; hoiirtfl Ir) >»<; t.'Mi<l<<l l»y hm'Ii otjiiiionH.y Ann. ifi! in, not. Wiial, <rx<'(;iillv«! 
<l<;part(n<;nl> hav<; Ix-i-n c-laljlir-ln;!! I»y Confr'-PH V Ann. Hix. narrn-ly : OrStalf. of 
tlK'. Navy, of War,of tlicTrfamry, I'of l,-o(Il<;<; J)'-part;niait, anri orili*! nil(;rior. For 
wtial. piirpo*"; wen; tli'fy ••Hlaljllp|i<;(l ? Ann. 'I'o aid tin; pn-xirlr-nt in tti«; (;x''«:ii- 
tiv(; and a'lniinif trati vc ijiifini^HK of tin- t.'ov(;rn merit. How an- IIm- lica<lf o/'IIks 
depart nientK a|<pol;it<;ri y Ann. l'>y Uie president, witli the advice and eonherit 
of the Hirnate. How in the altorneyt'i-neral appointer] v Ann. hi lil<e manner 
at* the lieadH of liie fir-parlinentH, Of wtiotn doen tin; prenidfaitV. eal)in(ft 
ronHJHt y Ann. Of the, lieafln of the depaitmentn. and tJK; attorney (.'eneral. 
What, nower liaM the, nrefldent, in ndalion to rej^rievrtn and (lardonH V What. 1m 
a reprl^evf; V AiiH. A limited ("HHpenMloii or rhday of Ih*; exeeiition of a nefdenco 
ill a crlrnlnal (lUfr;. With wiittt. exception Ih tlifc pntHkJciil vented with Hie power 
to i^raut rcprlcvcH and pardouH y 



30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the pres- 
ident alone, in tlje courts of law, or in the heads of de- 
partments. 

^d Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end 
of their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
vene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disa- 
greement between them, with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other pub- 
lic ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faitii- 
fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

SECTION IV. 

The president, vice-president, and all civil ofiicers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- 
ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

2rf Clause.— Vfh&i power has the president relative to treaties ? In whom is 
the appointinj^ power vested ? What is the first step in makinti; an appoint- 
ment ? Wiiat ofHces are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make 
appointments ? What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of infe- 
rior ofiicers ? 

M Clause.— WhSit vacancies can the president fill? When does such appoint 
ment expire ? 

Sec. III.— What information is the president required to cive to Congress^ 
What recommendations is lie required to make? In what way are the recom 
mendations made? Ans. By means of written messasres. Was the reading: ol 
writtt^n messa'xes always tlie practice? Arts. The first two presidents. Wash 
iimtoii and Adams, used to meet Congress, and make their recommendatioiik 
by addresses, which they read. Is Congress oblii;ed to adopt tlie president"^ 
recommendations? Am. It is not. When may the president convene botii 
houses ? May he convene only one house ? When ? When may the president 
adjourn Conirress ? What is the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, 
etc.? What is his duty respecting "the execution of the laws ? What is bin 
tluty respecting the granting of commissions ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 

ARTICLE III. 
THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION T. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 
The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, which 
shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting am- 
bassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases 
of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies 
to which the United States shall be a party ; to contro- 
versies between two or more states ; between a state and 
citizens of another state ; between citizens of different 



Sec. IV —For what crimes may government officers be removed from office ? 
How may the removal be efl'ected ? 

Article III.— Sec. I.— Of what does Article III. of the ConstitiTtion treat? 
In what \>i the judicial power of the United States vested? How lonj? do the 
judtres hold their offices? What is established as to the compensation of the 
judfjes?» How can the judges be removed from office? (See page 15.) How is 
the supreme court of the United States organized ? Ans. It is composed of one 
chief-justice, and eicrht associate justices, any five of whom constitute a quo 
rum. What is the salary of the chief-justice ? Ans. $10,500 a year. What is the 
salary of each associate justice ? Ans. $10,000 a year. 

Skc. ll.—lsf. Clause.— 'Name the first of the nine subjects m which the United 
States courts have jurisdiction. Name the second, concernincr ambassadors, 
etc. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. The fourth, concerning 
controversies with the United States. The fifth, concerning controversies be- 
tv,-een states. The sixth, concerning controversies between a state and citizens. 
Tlie seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. The eighth, concern- 
ing controversies between citizens claiming lands. What is the last of the nine 
subjects^ 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands 
under grants of different states, and between a state, or 
the citizens thereof, and fo'reign states, citizens, or sub- 
jects. 

2f? Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state 
shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regu- 
lations as the Congress shall make. 

^d Clause. The trial of all ci-imes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held 
in the state where the said crimes shall have been com- 
mitted ; but when not committed within any state, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may 
by law have directed. 

SECTION III. 

Is^ Clause. Treason against the United States shall con- 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person 
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two w^itnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

2cl Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare 
the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 



2^? C7m/se.—Jn M-hat cases has the enpreme court original jurisdiction ? What 
Is meant bv orisjinal juriscliction ? Athi. That in which a suit orisrinates or com- 
mences. What is meant by ap])eliate jurisdiction ? Ans. That in Avhich the 
decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal. 

M C/aw.*^.— Before whom must the 'Mrial of all crimes" be held? What 
cases are exceptions to the law? By whom are impeachments tried? (See 
patije 15.) Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held? 
Where, when not committed within a state ? Repeat the entire clause just con- 
Bidered. 

Sec. JU.—'[sf, Clause.— In how manv thinj^s does treason arrainst the United 
States consist ? What are the two thinga ? What is necessary to a conviction 
of treason 1 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during 
tiie life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of e very- 
other state. And the Congress may by general laws pre- 
scribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
states. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
found in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 

2d Clause.— What power has Coiijrress relativR to the pnnishinent of treason" 
How does^the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder ? Wtiat is meant 
ny attainder? Ans. Attainder means a stainin<r, corruption, or rendering? im- 
pure. What IS meant hy corruption of hlood ? Anfi. By " corruption of hlood" 
a person is disahled to inherit lands from an ancestor ; nor can he either retain 
those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 

Article IV.-Sec. I.— Of what does Article IV. treat ? How are the public 
acts, etc., of the several states, to be treated in each state? How are they to 
be proved ? *^ 

Sec. Il.—lsi Clavse.— What privilep^es and immunities are the citizens of 
each state entitled to ? 

2cl Clause— What is said of persons charged with crime, fleeing into another 
state ? 

M Clause.— What is said of persons escaping from service or labor? What 
persons were referred to in the third clause ? Ans. Fugitive slaves and per- 
sons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. (See Art. XIII. of Amendments.) 



34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

charged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
may be due. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Con- 
gress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed 
or erected witlun the jurisdiction of any other state; nor 
any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures 
of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. Tlie Congress shall have power to dispose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting 
the territory or other property belonguig to the ITnited 
States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
of any i)articular state. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in tliis 
Union a republican form of government, and sliall pro- 
tect each of them against invasion; and on application of 
the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature 
cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE Y. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con- 
stitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two- 

Sec. III.— lv'f(! Claufie.—'By whom may now Btnto?bc ndmittccl into tho I'^nion? 
What is said of tiieiforniatioii ol' now states? How many stales bcloni^cd to 
the Union at tlie adoption of tlio Constitution ? (Sec pages 1.3-14.) How many 
belong to the I'njon now? (See table.) 

M Clause.— What power 1ms Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
erty belonging to the United States? What construction as to claims is not 
to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 

Sec. IV.— Wliat guarantee does the Constitution make to the 'several states 
in respect to their form of government ? In what two events are the United 
States bound to protect individual states ? 

Article V.— Of what does Article V. treat ? In what, two ways may amend- 
ments to thxi Constitution be proposed ? What two ways arc provided for rati- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 



thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu- 
tion, wlien ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of 
the several states, or by conventions ni tlircc-fourths 
tliereof, as the one or the other mode of ratiiication may/ 
be proposed by the Congress : provided that no amend-' 
ment wliich may be made prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight shall in- any manner affect the 
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be 
deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Ist Clause. All debts contracted and engagements en- 
tered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
be as valid against the United States under this Consti- 
tution, as under the Confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 
anu the judges in every state shall be bound tliereby, any 
thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the con- 
trary notwithstanding, 

^d Clause. X^^c senators and representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several state legis- 
latures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 



fyiTifr amendmentR ? Wliat three reHtrictionP npon the power of making amcnd- 
ments were orif,'inal1v imposed by the Constitution ? Why have two of the 
restrictions lost their force ? What do " the firrtt and fourth clauses" referred 
to. declare? What j)ermanent restriction upon the power of making amend- 
ments still exists in full force ? 

Aktici.e VI.— 1«^ WawAe.— What debts and engagements docs the Constitution 
recoL'nize? 

2(Z Clame.—y^hai is declared to be the supreme law of the land? By what 
arc the judges in every state bound? 



36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

United States and of the several states, shall be bound by- 
oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
any office or public trust under the United (States. 

ARTICLE YII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution 
between the states so ratifying the same. 



AMENDMENTS, 

PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OP THE SEV- 
ERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OP THE ORIGINAL CONSTI- 
TUTION. 

ARTICLE L 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; 
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or 
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe- 
tition the government for a redress of grievances. 

M Claifce.—Vi'ho, besides the judjrcs, are bound to support the Constitution ? 
In what way shall they be bound ? What prohibition is made in regard to reli- 

^''°Article" VII.— How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in 
order to its establishment ? 

Amendments. 

Why were the first ten articles of amendments made ? Ans. Because it was 
generally felt that the Constitution did not sufficiently protect the rights of the 
people How may they, then, be regarded ? Ans. As a declaration securing to 
the people and stjxtes certain rights beyond the possibility of being encroached 
upon by Congress. When were thev proposed y Ans. In 1789, during the first 
session of the first Congress under the Constitution. When were they adopted ? 
Ans. Having been ratified by three-fourths of the states, they were declared 
adopted in 1791. 

1st Ardcle.— What declaration does the first amendment make, respecting re- 
ligion ? What, respecting the freedom of speech ? What, respecting the free- 
dom of the press ? What, respecting the right of petition ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 



ARTICLE 11. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the secu- 
rity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and 
bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of 
war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE lY. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall 
issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE v. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or oth- 
erwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict- 
ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land 
or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service 
in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy 
of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 

2d Article.— What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to 
keep and bear arras ? 

M Article.— What is said of quartering soldiers ? 

4th Article.— What is said of searches and seizures ? What is said of the 
Issuing of warrants ? 

5th Article.— What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes? What 
is said of a second trial for the same oftence ? What is the meaning of the clause 
that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? Ans. It means that no 
person shall be a second time tried for an ofleiice of which he has been legally 
acquitted or convicted. When shall not a person be compelled to witness 
against himself? What guarantee of protection to life, liberty, and property is 
given ? When only can private property be taken for public lise ? 



38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



case to be a witness against liimself, nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use without 
just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy tho 
right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of 
the state and district wherein the crime shall have been 
committed, Avhich district shall have been previously as- 
certained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him ; to have compulsory process for ob- 
taining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance 
of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VIL 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury 
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be 
otherwise re-examined in any court of the Ignited States 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
shall not be "construed to deny or disparage others re- 
tained by the people. 

6^^ Article.— What right shall a person accused of crime have? What right 
as to the witnesses against him ? What right, as to the witnesses in his favor? 
What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? .,, . , ^„ , 

Ifk Article.— In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? In 
what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 

Sth Article.— V^hiit is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are re- 
served to the states respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the L^nited States shall not be 
construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, com- 
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any 
foreign state. 

ARTICLE XIIL* 

Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude^ 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. IL — Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section I. — All persons born or naturalized in the 
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the United States and of the state wherein 
they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citi- 



9th Ariide.—What is Baid of rights retained by the people ? 

lOtA Article.— What is said of tbe powers regerved to the ptates ? 

llth Article.— What is eaid of the restriction upon the judicial power? What 
Ji the hii-tory of the eleventh amendment? Ans. It was proposed by Congress 
In 171*4, and declared adopted in 1798. 

I'ith Article.— Section I.— What is said of slavery and involuntary servitude? 

Sec. II.— What power has Congress with reference to this subject? What is 
the history of the thirteenth amendment? Ans. It was proposed in 18(55, and 
declared adopted in December of the same year. (See Const., Art. IV. , Sec. II.) 

Akticlk XIV.— When was the 14th Article adopted? Ans. Ilavmg been 
ratified by three-fourths of the states it was declared adopted on the 28th of 
July, 1868. 

* For the twelfth amendment, see page 25. 



40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

zeiis of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive 
any person of life, liberty, or property, without due pro- 
cess of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdictioD 
the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. II. — Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several states according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons in each state, ex- 
cluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote 
at any election for the choice of electors for president and 
vice-president of the United States, representatives in 
Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, 
or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to 
any of the male inhabitants of such state, being 21 years 
t»f age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
sliall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
one years of age in such state. 

Sec. III. — No person shall be a senator or represent- 
ative in Congress, or elector of president and vice- 
president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
United States, or under any state, who, liaving previously 
taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer 
of the United States, or as a member of any state Legis- 
lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state. 



Section 1. Who are declared to be citizens of the United States? WTiat re- 
etriction is imposed upon the States with regard to the privilei^es or immunities 
of citizens? What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons? 
Wliat, with regard to the protection of the law given to persons ? 

Sec. 2. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
etates? How does this provision of the Constitution dillor I'roni the one form- 
erly in force? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. II., 8d Clause.) When shall a reduction 
be made in the basis of representation to which a state may be entitled? 

Sec. S. What class of persons, in consequence of their rebellious acts, are de- 
prived of certain exalted privileges? Name the privileges nhich are withheld 
from them. Is it possible for any person belonging to that class to have the 
privileges accorded to him ? How? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. III., 3d Clause.) 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 

to support the Constitutioii of the United States, shall 
have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against tlie 
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, 
remove such disability. 

Sec. IV. — The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for 
payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- 
pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
But neither the United States nor any state shall assume 
or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- 
tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim 
for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all sucli 
debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and 
void. 

Sec. V. — The Congress shall have power to enforce, 
by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Sec. I. — The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United 
States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or pre- 
vious condition of servitude. 

Sec. II. — The Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. 

Sec. 4. What shall not be questioned as rco;ards the debts of the United 
States? What debts, obliterations, and claims, are declared illcijal and void? 
What restriction is imposed ui)on the General Government and individual states, 
with respect to such debts, obligations, and claims? 

Sec. 5 What legislation may Congress enact, iu regard to the provisions oi 
A.rticleXIV.? 



THE 

FAEEWELL ADDEESS 

OF 

GEOEGE WASHINGTON, 

FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

ON HIS DKCLINIKG A SECOND liE-ELECTlON. 



Friexds and Fellow-Citizens — 

The period for a new election of a citizen to admin- 
ister the executive goveriiment of the United States be- 
ing not far distant, and the time actually arrived when 
your thoughts must be employed in designating the person 
who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears 
to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more dis- 
tinct expression of the public voice, that I should now 
apprize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline 
being considered among the number of those out of whom 
a choice is to be made. 

I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be 
assured that this resolution has not been taken without a 
strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the 
relation which binds a dutiful citizen to liis country; and 
that in withdrawing the tender of service which silence 
in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no 
dimiimtion of zeal for your future interest ; no deficiency 
of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am sup- 
ported by a lull conviction that the step is compatibly 
with both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the oftice 
to which your suftVages have twice called me, have been 
a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, 



I 



Washington's fakewell address. 43 

and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. 
I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier 
in my power, consistently with motives which I was not 
at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from 
which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my 
inclination to do this previous to the last election, had 
,even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to 
'you ; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and 
critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and 
the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confi- 
dence, impelled me to abandon the idea. 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as 
well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclina- 
tion incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; 
and am persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained 
for my services, that in the present circumstances of our 
country, you will not disapprove of my determination to 
retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the ardu- 
ous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the 
discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have with 
good intentions contributed toward the organization and 
administration of the government the best exertions of 
which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not uncon- 
scious, in the outset, of the inferiority of any qualifica- 
tions, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in 
the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to difti- 
dence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of 
years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of 
retirement is as necessary to me as it Avill be welcome. 
Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar 
value to my services, they Avere temporary, I have the 
consolation to believe, that while choice and prudence in- 
vite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not 
forbid it. 



44 Washington's farewell address. 

In looking forward to tlie moment which is intended 
to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do 
not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of 
that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved coun- 
try, for the many honors it has conferred upon me ; still 
more for the steadfast confidence with which it has sup 
ported me ; and for the opportunities I have thence en- 
joyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by ser- 
vices faithful and persevering, though in usefulness une- 
qual to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our coun- 
try from these services, let it always be remembered to 
your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, 
that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated 
in every direction, Avere liable to mislead, amidst appear- 
ances sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortune often 
discouraging — in situations in whicli not unfrequently 
want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism — 
the constancy of your support was the essential prop of 
the efforts, and a guaranty of the plans by which they 
were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I 
shall carr)^ it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement 
to unceasing wishes tliat Heaven may continue to you the 
choicest tokens of its beneficence: — that your union and 
brotherly affection may be perpetual — that the free con- 
stitutioji which is the work of your hands may be sacredly 
maintained — that its administration in every department 
may be stamped with Avisdom and virtue — that, in fine, the 
happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices 
of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preser- 
vation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will ac- 
quire to them the glory of recommending it to the ap- 
plause, the afiection, and adoption of every nation which 
is 3'et a stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for 
your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 45 

apprehension of danger, natural to that solicitude, urge 
me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your sol- 
emn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent 
review, some sentiments, which are the result of much 
reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which 
appear to me all-important to the permanency of your 
felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with 
the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disin- 
terested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly 
have no personal motive to bias his counsel Nor can 1 
forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent recep- 
tion of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar 
occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every liga- 
ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is neces- 
sary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 

The unity of government which constitutes you one 
people, is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is 
a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the 
support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad ; 
of your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very liberty 
which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee 
that from difterent causes and from different quarters, 
much pains will be taken, manj^ artifices employed, to 
weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as 
this is the point in your political fortress against which 
the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most 
constantly and actively (though often covertly and insid- 
iously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should 
properly estimate the immense value of your national 
Union, to your collective and individual happiness ; that 
you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable 
attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and 
speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety 
aud prosperity j watching for its preservation with jeal- 



46 Washington's fakewell address. 

ous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may suggest 
even a suspicion that it can in any event be aban- 
doned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning 
of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country 
from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link 
together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and 
interest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common coun- 
try, that country has a right to concentrate your affec- 
tions. The name of American, which belongs to you, in 
your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride 
of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from 
local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, 
you have the same religion, manners, habits, and politi- 
cal principles. You have in a common cause fought and 
triumphed together ; the Independence and Liberty you 
possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts, 
of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

But these considerations, however powerfully they adr 
dress themselves to your sensibility, are greatly out- 
weighed by those Avhich apply more immediately to your 
interest. Here every portion of our country finds the 
most commanding motives for carefully guarding and pre- 
serving the union of the whole. 

The Norths in an unrestrained intercourse with the 
Souths protected by the equal laws of a common govern- 
ment, finds in the productions of the latter, great addi- 
tional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise 
and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The 
/South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency 
of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce 
expand. Turning partly into its own channels the sea- 
men of the JVorth, it finds its particular navigation invig- 
orated ; and while it contributes, in difterent ways, to 
nourish and increase the general mass of the nationai 



I 



Washington's farewell address, 47 



navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a mari- 
time strength, to which itself is unequally adapted. — The 
J^ast^- in a like intercourse with the West^ already finds, 
and in the progressive improvement of interior communi- 
cations, by land and water, will more and more iind a 
valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from 
abroad or manufactures at home. The West derives from 
the East supplies requisite to its growth and comfort — 
and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must 
of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable 
outlets for its own productions to the weight, inliuence, 
and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of 
the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of in- 
terest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the 
West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived 
from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and 
unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be 
intrinsically precarious. 

• While then every part of our country thus feels the 
immediate and particular interest in Union, all the parts 
combined cannot fail^to find in the united mass of means 
and efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportion- 
ably greater security from external danger, a less frequent 
interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what 
is of inestimable value, they must derive from Union an 
exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, 
which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not 
tied together by the same government ; which tlieir own 
rivalshlp alone would be sufficient to produce, but which 
opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues 
would stimulate and embitter. Hence likewise they will 
avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establisli- 
ments, which under any form of government are inaus])i- 
cious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particu- 
larly hostile to Republican Liberty. In this sense it is, 



48 Washington's farewell address. 

that your Union ought to be considered as the main prop 
of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to 
endear to you the preservation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to 
every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the con- 
tinuance of the Union as a primary object of patriotic 
desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government 
can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. 
To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. 
We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of 
the wliole, with tlie auxiliary agency of governments for 
the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to 
the ex})eriment. It is well worth a fair and full experi- 
ment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, 
affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall 
not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will 
always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who 
in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands. 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our 
Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any 
ground should have been furnished for characterizing 
parties by geogrcqyhical discriminations — Norther)i and 
Southern — Atlantic and TF^.s^e?'?? ,• whence designing men 
may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real dif 
ference of local interests and views. One of the expedi- 
ents of party to acquire influence, within particular dis- 
tricts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other 
districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against 
the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from these 
misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien to each 
other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal 
affection. The inhabitants of our western country have 
lately had a useful lesson on Lhis head : they have seen, iu 
the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous rat- 
ification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and the 



WASHINGTON S FAKEWELL ADDEESS. 



49 



universal satisfaction at the event throughout the United 
States, a decisive proof liow unfounded were the suspi- 
cions propagated among them of a j^olicy in tlie general 
government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to 
their interests in regard to the Mississippi : they have 
been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with 
Great Britain and that with Spain, which secure to them 
every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign 
relations, toward confirming their prosperity. Will it 
not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these 
advantages on the Uniox by which they were procured ? 
Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such 
there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and 
connect them with aliens ? 

To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Gov- 
ernment for the whole is indispensable, No alliances, 
however strict, between the parts can be an adequate sub- 
stitute; they must inevitably experience the infractions 
and interruptions which all alliances in all times have ex- 
perienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have 
improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Con- 
stitution of Government better calculated than your for- 
mer for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious man- 
agement of your common concerns. This Government, 
the offspring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, 
adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, 
(•ompletely fiee in its principles, in the distribution of its 
powers, uniting security with energy, and containing 
within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just 
claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for 
its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its 
measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims 
of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the 
right of the j^eople to make, and to alter tlieir Constitu- 
tions of Government. But the Constitution which at 



50 WASHINGTON'S FAKEWELL ADDRESS. 

any time exists, until changed by an explicit and authen- 
tic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon 
all. The very idea of the power and the right of the peo- 
ple to establish Government, presupposes the duty of 
every individual to obey the established Government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all com- 
binations and associations, under whatever plausible char- 
acter, with the real design to direct, control, counteract 
or awe the regular deliberation and action of the consti- 
tuted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental 
principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize 
faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force — 
to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, 
the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterpris- 
ing minority of the community ; and, according to the 
alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public 
administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incon- 
gruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con- 
sistent and wholesome plans digested by common coun- 
cils and modified by mutual interests. 

However combinations or associations of the above 
description may now and then answer popular ends, they 
are likely, in the course of time and things, to become 
potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprin- 
cipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the 
people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of govern- 
ment : destroying afterward the very engines which have 
lifted them to unjust dominion. 

Toward the preservation of your government, and the 
permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, 
not only that you steadily discountenance irregular op- 
positions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you 
resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its princi- 
ples, however specious the pretexts. — One method of 
assault may be to effect in the form of the constitution 



Washington's farewell address. 51 

alterations which will impair the energy of the system, 
and thus to undermine what cannot be directly over- 
thrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, 
remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to 
fix the true character of governments, as of otli^r human 
institutions ; that experience is the surest standard by 
which to test the real tendency of the existing constitu- 
tion of a country — that facility in changes upon the credit 
of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual 
chango from the endless variety of hypothesis and opin- 
ion ; and remember, especially, that for the efficient man- 
agement of your common iYiterests, in a country so ex- 
tensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is 
consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispen- 
sable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with 
powers properly distributed and, adjusted, its surest guar- 
dian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the gov- 
ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of fac- 
tion, to confine each member of the society within the 
limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the 
secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and 
property. 

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties 
in the state, with particular reference to the founding of 
them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take 
a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most 
solemn manner against the baneful efiects of the spirit of 
party, generally. 

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our na- 
ture, having its root in the strongest passions of the 
human mind. It exists under difierent shapes in all gov- 
ernments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; 
but in those of the popular form, it is seen in greatest 
rankness, and it is truly their worst enemy. 

The alternate domination of one faction over another, 



52 Washington's farewell address. 



sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dis" 
sension, which in ditt'erent ages and countries has perpe- 
trated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful des' 
potism. But this leads at length to a more formal and 
permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which 
result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek secu- 
rity and repose in the absolute power of an individual : 
and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, 
more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns 
this disposition to the jDurposes of his own elevation, on 
tlie ruins of public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind 
(which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), 
the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party 
are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise 
people to discourage and restrain it. 

It serves always to distract the public councils, and 
enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the com- 
munity with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms : kin- 
dles the animosity of one part against another, foments 
occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to 
foreign influence and corruption, which And a lacilitated 
access to the government itself through the channels of 
party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one 
country are subjected to the policy and will of another. 
There is an opinion that parties in free countries are use- 
ful checks upon the administration of government, and 
serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within cer- 
tain limits is probably true : and in governments of a 
monarchical cast, patriotism may look witli indulgence, 
if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those 
of the popular character, in governments purely elective, 
it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural 
tendency it is certain there will always be enough of that 
spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being con- 



Washington's farewell address. 53 

staiit danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of 
public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to 
be quenched, it demands uniform vigilance to prevent 
its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should 
consume. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in 
a free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted 
with its administration, to confine themselves within their 
resi)ective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exer- 
cise of the 2)owers of one department to encroach upon 
another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate 
the powers of all departments in one, and thus to create, 
whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A 
just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to 
abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufii- 
cient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The ne- 
cessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political 
■[)Ower, by dividing and distributing it into different de- 
positories, and constituting each the guardian of the pub- 
lic weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced 
by experiments ancient and modern : some of them in our 
country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must 
be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion 
of the people, the distribution or modification of the con- 
stitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be 
corrected by an amendment in the way wdiich the consti- 
tution designates. But let there be no change by usur- 
pation ; for though this, in one instance, may be the 
instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by 
which free governments are destroyed. The precedent 
must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any 
partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time 
yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to politi- 
cal prosperity, Relkhon and Morat.ity are indis- 



54 Washington's faeewell address. 

pensable supports. In \nm Avoiikl that man claim the 
tributes of Patkiotism, who should labor to subvert 
these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props 
of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, 
equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to chtr- 
ish them. A volume could not trace all their connections 
Avith private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, 
where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, 
if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths 
which are the instruments of investigation in courts 
of justice? And let ns Avith caution indulge the sup- 
position, that morality can be maintained Avithout re- 
ligion. WhateA'er may be conceded to the influence 
of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, 
reason and experience both forbid us to expect that 
national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious 
principle. 

It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a ne- 
cessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed 
extends Avith more or less force to every species of free 
government. AVho that is a sincere friend to it, can look 
Avith inditVerence upon attempts to shake the foundation 
of the fabric ? 

Promote then, as an object of primary importance, insti- 
tutions for the general diifusion of knoAvledge. In pro- 
portion as the structure of a government gives force to 
])ublic opinion, it is essential that public opinion should 
be enlightened. 

As a very important source of strength and security, 
cherish public credit. One method of preserving it, is to 
use it as sparingly as possible — avoiding occasions of ex- 
pense by cultivating peace; but remember also that timely 
disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent 
much greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding likeAvise 



Washington's farewell address. 55 

the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions 
of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to 
discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have oc- 
casioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the 
burden which Ave ourselves ought to bear. The execu- 
tion of these maxims belongs to your Representatives, 
but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. 
To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is 
essential that you should practically bear in mind, that 
tovrard tlie payment of debts there must be revenue; 
that to liave revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes 
can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient 
and unpleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment insepa- 
rable from the selection of the proper objects (which is 
always a choice of difficulties) ought to be a decisive mo- 
tive for a candid construction of the conduct of the gov- 
ernment in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in 
tlie measures for obtaining revenue which the public exi- 
gencies may at any time dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice toward all nations, 
cultivate peace and harmony with all: religion and mo- 
rality enjoin this conduct ; and can it be that good policy 
does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, 
enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to 
give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example 
of a people always guided l)y an exalted justice and be- 
nevolence. Who can doubt but in the course of time and 
things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any 
temporary advantage which might be lost by a steady 
adherence to it? Can it be, that Providence has not con- 
nected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? 
The experiment, at least, is recommended by every senti- 
ment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered 
impossible by its vices ? 



56 washintgon's farewell address. 

Ill the execution of such a pLan, nothing is more essen- 
tial than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against 
particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, 
should be excluded; and that in place of them just and 
amicable feelings toward all should be cultivated. The 
nation which indulges toward another g,n habitual ha- 
tred or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave. 
It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of 
which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its 
interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, dis- 
poses each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay 
hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and 
intractable, when accidental or trilling occasions of dis- 
pute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, enven- 
omed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by 
ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the gov- 
ernment, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The 
government sometimes participates in the national pro- 
pensity, and adopts through passion what reason would 
reject; at other times, it makes the animosity of the na- 
tion subservient to projects of hostility instigated by 
pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. 
The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of na- 
tions has been the victim. 

So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for 
another i)roduces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the 
fivorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary 
common interest in cases where no real common interest 
exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, 
betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and 
wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justi- 
fication. It leads also to concessions to the favorite 
nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly 
to injure the nation making the concessions, by unneces- 
sarily parting with what ought to have been retained ; 



washii^gton's farewell address. 57 

and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to 
retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are 
withheld : And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or de- 
luded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite 
nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their 
own country, without odium, sometimes even with popu- 
larity : gilding with the appearance of a virtuous sense 
of obligation a commendable deference for public opinion, 
or a laudable zeal for pul)lic good, the base or foolish 
compliances of ambition, corrujjtion, or infatuation. 

As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, 
such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly 
enlightened and independent patriot. How many oppor- 
tunities do tliey afford to tamper Avith domestic factions; 
to practise the arts of sedition, to mislead public opinion, 
to influence or awe the piiblic councils ! Such an attach- 
ment of a small or weak, toward a great and powerful 
nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. 
Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I con- 
jure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a 
free people ought to be constantly awake ; since history 
and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the 
most baneful foes of Republican Government. But that 
jealousy to be useful must be impartial ; else it becomes 
the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead 
of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one for- 
eign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those 
whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and 
serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the 
other. Keal patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the 
favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious ; 
while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confi- 
dence of the people, to surrender their interest. 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign 
nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have 



58 Washington's farewell address. 

with them as little politicnl connection as possible. So 
far as we have already formed engagements, let them be 
fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, M'liich to us have 
none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be en- 
gaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are 
essentially foreign to our concerns. .Hence, therefore, it 
must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial 
ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the 
ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or 
enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables 
us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, 
under an efficient government, the period is not far off 
when we may defy material injury from external annoy- 
ance ; Avhen Ave may take such an attitude as will cause 
the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be 
scrupulously respected ; Avhen belligerent nations, under 
the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not 
lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when Ave may 
choose peace or Avar, as our interest, guided by justice, 
shall counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? 
Why quit our OAvn to stand upon foreign gi'ound ? Why, 
by interweaA'ing our destiny Avith that of any part of Eu- 
rope, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of 
European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice ? 

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli- 
ances Avith any portion of the foreign Avorld : so far, I 
mean, as Ave are noAV at liberty to do it ; for let me not 
be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to ex- 
isting engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable 
to public than to private affairs, that honesty is ahvays 
the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engage- 
ments be observed m their genuine sense. But, in my 



Washington's farewell address. 59 

opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend 
them. 

Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estab- 
lishments^ on a respectable defensive posture, we may 
safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emer- 
gencies. 

Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are 
recommended by policy, liumanity, and interest. 

But even our commercial policy should hold an equal 
and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclu- 
sive fivors or preferences ; — consulting the natural course 
of things ; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the 
streams of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establishing, 
with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable 
course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to ena- 
ble the government to sup])ort them, conventional rules 
of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and 
mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to 
be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience 
and circumstances shall dictate ; constantly keeping in 
view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested 
favors from another: that it must pay with a portion of 
its independence for whatever it may accept under that 
character ;- that by such acceptance, it may place itself in 
the condition of having given equivalents for nominal 
favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for 
not giving more. There can be no greater error than to 
expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to na- 
tion. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which 
a just pride ought to discard. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of 
an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will 
make the strong and lasting impression I could wish — 
that they will control the usual current of the passions, 
or prevent our nation from running the course which has 



60 WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 

hitherto marked the destiny of nations : But if I may 
even flatter myself that they may be productive of soine 
partial benefit, some occasional good ; tliat they may now 
and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to 
warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard 
against tlie impostures of j^retended patriotism; this hope 
will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your wel- 
fare by which they have been dictated. 

How far in the discharge of my official duties I have 
been guided by the principles which have been delineated, 
the public records and other evidences of my conduct 
must witness to you and to the world. To myself, the 
assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least 
believed myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my 
proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to 
my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by 
that of your Representatives in both Houses of Congress, 
the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, 
uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. 

After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best 
lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our coun- 
try, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right 
to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a 
neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far 
as should depend upon me, to maintain it with modera- 
tion, perseverance, and firmness. 

The considerations which respect the right to hold this 
conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I 
will only observe, that according to my understanding 
of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any 
of the Belligerent Powers, has been virtually admitted 
by all. 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, 
without any thing more, from the obligation which jus- 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 61 



tice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in 
which it is free to act, to maintain inviohite the relations 
of peace and amity toward other nations. 

The inducements of interest for observing that conduct 
will best be referred to your own reflections and experi- 
ence. With me, a predominant motive has been to en- 
deavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature 
its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without inter- 
ruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which 
is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command 
of its own fortunes. 

Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administra- 
tion, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am never- 
theless too sensible of my own defects, not to think it 
probable that I may have committed many errors. What- 
ever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to 
avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I 
diall also carry with me the hope that my country will 
never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that after 
forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with 
an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will 
be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the 
mansions of rest. 

Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and 
actuated by that fervent love toward it, which is so nat- 
ural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself 
and his progenitors for several generations; I anticipate 
with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise 
myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of 
partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign 
influence of good laws under a free go^'ernment — the 
ev^er favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, 
as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. 

G. WASHINGTON. 

ITntted State>s, 
ITth September, 1796. 



62 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 



QUESTIONS 
FOR TOPICiNX STUDY AND RECITATION. 



The pupils should gather the required infonnation from the pages referred to, 
as well as from the statements found in connection with such references and the 
respective questions; and, after arranging the facts in chronological order, 
should give connected accounts, in writing or otherwise, as directed by the 
teacher, according to the requirements of the book. 

The nwnbers following the questions refer to the pages of the Histoi'y : the Ap.^ 
with the numbers in connection therewith, to the pages of the A2)pendix. 

1. Give a sketch of the life of John Adams 98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 137, Ap. 8 

Was bom at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735. 

2. Give an account of Samuel Adams 09, 70, Ap, 8 

Was born at Boston, in 1722, where he died in 1803. 

8. Give an account of John Quincy Adam^ 137, 138 

Son of John Adams, 2d president of the U. S., was born near Boston, in 
1767. While at Washington, in Feb., 1848, occupying his seat as a member 
of the House of Representatives, he had a shock of paralysis, of which he 
died a few hours after. 

4. Give an account of Ethan Allen 69 

Bom in Connecticut in 1737; died in Vermont in 1789. In the dispute grow- 
ing out of the claim made by New York to Vermont (p. 107), Allen took a 
conspicuous part, being commander of a military force in behalf of the latter. 
In the expedition conducted by Montgomeiy against Canada (p. 72) he was 
captured ; and being sent to England in irons, was held a captive nearly two 
years. 

B. Give an account of Major John Andre 93, 94 

Born in London in 1751. His body was buried at Tappan, but, in 1821, it 
was disinterred and removed to England, where it was placed beneath a 
costly monument. 

6. Give an account of Sir Edmund Andros 30, 31, 34, 39, 40 

Born in England, where he died in 1714. After his trial on the charges pre- 
ferred by the people of Massachusetts, which ended without any judicial de- 
cision, he was made governor of Virginia, in which position he acted with 
moderation. 

7. Give an account of John Armstrong 58 

Was a native of Pennsylvania, and, as a general in the American army dur- 
ing the Revolution, rendered good service in the defence of Ft. Moultrie (p. 
74) and at the battles of Brandywine and Gcrmantown. 

6. Give an account of John Armstrong, Jr 98, 126 

Son of the preceding, was also in the Revolution. He was the author of the 
"Newburg Addresses," written at the close of the war to quicken Congress 



QUESTIONS FOB TOPICAL STUDY. 68 

to do jaetice to the soldiers. They produced discontent among the officers, 
and had it not been for the wisdom of Washington (p, 98), might have led to 
unfortunate results. He was secretary of war in 1814, when tlie British cap- 
tured the city of Washington, and was unjustly censured for the disaster (p. 
126). 

9. Give an account of Benedict Arnold 69, 72, 78, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94, 97 

Born in Connecticut in 1740 ; died in London in 1801. Before the Revolution 
he was engaged in business in New Haven as a druggist ; afterward he did 
business in New Bnmswick, He finally went to England, and in London 

^ he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. 

' 10. What account can you give of Gen. Eobert Anderson ? 158, 159, 160 

Born in Kentucky in 1S05 ; took an active part in the war agrtust the Semi- 
noles (p. 139) ; was with Scott in Mexico (p. 147) ; in 1861 was appointed a 
general in the U. S. army, but, in consequence of failing health, was not able 
to participate in active military service. 

11. Give an account of Nathaniel Bacon 23 

Bacon and his party entered Jamestown, but fearing they could not hold it, 
and being unwilling that it should be used by Berkeley's party, they burned 
it to the ground. Only some slight ruins of the town remain. 

12. Give an account of Col. E. D. Baker 163 

Born in England in 1811, resigned his position as a member of Congress 
when the Mexican war broke out, and joined Scott (p. 147). At the time of 
his death he was a U. S. senator from Oregon. 

13. Give an account of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks 170, 171, 175, 177 

Bom in Massachusetts in 1816, was a representative in Congress several 
years ; was elected speaker of the House in 1854, after an exciting contest 
of two months ; was governor of Massachusetts ; and again a representative 
in Congress. 

14. Giv^ an account of Commodore Wm. Bainbridge 110, 117 

Boi-n in New Jersey in 1774 ; died in Philadelphia in 1833. Was in command 
of the frigate Philadelphia when she struck on a rock and was captured (p. 
110), and he was held in captivity nineteen months. 

15. Give an accmint of Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard 160, 161, 162, 169 

Bom in Louisiana, received a military education at West Point, and was a 
lieutenant in Scott's army in Mexico (p. 147). 

16. Give an account of the Committees of Correspondence. 

The system adopted by the patriots of the Revolution, in 1772, of holding 
correspondence among the colonies, was the invention of Samuel Adams. 
By means of it, the different colonies were informed of the intentions, plans, 
and doings of each other ; encouragement was given to each ; and tnus unity 
of action was attained. 

17 Tlie history of the Slavery Question, 21, 39. 136, 141, 150, 151, 152, 157. 158, Ap. 22 
It is computed that 300,000 slaves were imported into the thirteen cfjloniea 
up to the time of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Slavery existed in 
ail of the states until 1780. The northern states then, one after another, most 
of them by a system of gradual emancipation, began to abolish slavery. 183 

18. Name the wars of European origin that occurred before tJie French and Iih 
dian War., and the causes of each 34, 35, 38 

13. By what treaties, and when, were they terminated? 34, 35, 36, 37 

20. When did the British evacuate the different ports after the Ecvolution? 98, 101 



64 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 



Jl. Give an account of Gen. Braxton Bragg 169, 170, 173, 178 

Born in North Carolina, received a military education at West Point, and 
held a command, first as lieutenant and afterward as captain, in Taylor's army 
during the Mexican war. 

22. Give an account of Gen. Edward Braddock 57, 59 

Bom in Scotland. Before he came to America he had been forty years in the 
British army, servint^ in the wars against ^pain, Portugal, and Germany. 

23. Give an account of Gen. Jacob Brown 121, 12.3, 124, 125 

Born in Pennsylvania in 1775. In early life he was a Quaker and a school- 
teacher. At his death, which occurred at Washington in 1S28, he held the 
supreme command in the U. S. army. 

24. Give an account of James Buchanan 152, 157, 158, 159 

Born in Pennsylvania in 1791 ; died there in 1808. He was a representative 
in Congress, envoy extraordinary to St. Petersburg, U. S. senator, secretary 
of state, and minister to England. 

85. Give an account of Don Carlos Buell 166, 168, 109, 170 

Born in Ohio, received a military education at West Point, and distinguished 
himself in the two Mexican campaigns conducted by Taylor and Scott. 

26. Give an account of Gen. John Burgoyne 69, 81 , S-^, 83, 84, 85 

Born in England. After his surrender to Gates he returned to England, 
where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he was a mem- 
ber. He wrote several dramas, and died in London in 1792. 

27. Give an account of Gen. A. E. Burnside 167, 172, 173, 175 

Born in Indiana in 1824, received a military education at West Point, and, 
after the Great Civil War, was governor of Rhode Island. 

28. Give an account of Aaron Burr 71, 72, 86, 109, 111 

Born in New Jersey in 1756. He graduated at Princeton College, accompa- 
nied Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), and distinguished him- 
eelf in the battles of Quebec (p. 72) and Monmouth (p. 86). His death oc- 
curred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. 

29. Give an account of Gen. B. F. Butler 161, 163, 169, 175, 179, 181 

Born in New Hampshire in 1818, graduated at college, and acquired a high 
reputation as a lawyer. After the Great Rebellion he was a member of the 
U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, and was one of the seven 
managers by whom President Johnson's impeachment was conducted before 
the Senate (p. 185). 

30. Give an account of John and Sebastian Cabot 10, 54 

It is not known when and where these navigators were bom, nor at what 
time and place they died, though it is supposed they were natives of Iialy. 

81. Give an account of John C. Callwun 138, 139 

Born in South Carolina in 1782, graduated at Yale College, was admitted to 
the bar, was a representative in both Houses of Congress, and was secretary 
of war in Monroe's cabinet, and secretary of state in Tyler's. His death 
occurred at Washington in 1850. 

23. Give an account of He^ry Clay 139, 151 

Bom in Virginia in 1777, was admitted to the bar, and was sent to Congress 
from Kentucky, where he was many years speaker of the House of Repre- 
uentatives, and afterward a senator. He was one of the commissionera 
that signed the treaty at Ghent in 1814 (p. 129). His death cccarred at 
Washington in 1852. 



QUESTIONS FOE TOPICAL STUDY. 65 

88. Give an account of Sir Henry Clinton 69, 73, 75, 84, 91, 93, 97 

After the Revolution he wae appointed governor of Gibraltar. He died in 1795 

S'l. Crive an account of Christopher Columbus 5, 9, 10 

The most of his life, previous to its great event, was passed on the waters 
of the Mediterranean and off the west coast of Africa. He made a voyage 
toward Greenland, passing beyond Iceland. Having, in 1498, reached Amer- 
ica the third time, he began to govern a colony which he had previously es- 
tablished at Hispaniola; but his efforts were misrepresented, charges were 
made against him, and he was sent to Spain in chains. This outrage pro- 
duced great indignation throughout Spain, and the king consequently dis- 
claimed havitng authorized it. 

35. (^ve an account of Lord Charles Cormvallis 76, 77, 78, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97 

After the Revolution he was appointed to an important command in India, 
where he inaugurated a series of victories by which the British authority 
there was finally established. He died in India in 1805. 

36. Give an account of Fernando Cortez 11, 12 

Born in Spain in 1485, and died there neglected and in solitude in the 63d 
year of his age. 

S7. Give an account of Col. George Croghan 1 14, 118, 119 

Bom in Kentucky in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort 
Meigs (May 5), and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at 
New Orleans in 1849. 

38. Give an account of Gen. S. R. Curtis 143, 167 

Born in Ohio in 1807 ; received a military education at West Point, served ■ 
under Taylor in Mexico, and was a representative in Congress from Iowa. 

39. What can you state of Kosciusko ? 84 

Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Polish patriot, was with Gates in the two battles of 
Stillwater, and afterward distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washing- 
ion. He died in Swit'zerland in 1817. 

40. Give Uie early history of tlie city of Boston 26, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73 

41. Give an account of the Rev. John Davenpoi't 30 

Born in England ; was the minister of a church at New Haven for thirty 
years, and afterward of another church at Boston, where he died. 

42. Give an account of Jefferson Davis 159, 160, 182, 183 

Bom in Kentucky in 1808 ; received a military education at West Point, 
served with credit in the Black Hawk (p. 138) and Mexican wars, was a 
representative in Congress and a U. S. senator from Mississippi, and secre- 
tary of war i^ President Pierce's cabinet. 

43. Give an account of General Dearborn 121 

Henry Dearborn was born in New Hampshire in 1751 ; was in the battle of 
Bunker Hill (p. 70), was with Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), 
and was taken prisoner at the attack upon Quebec. Being exchanged, he 
served under Gates in the Northern campaign (p. 84), and did good service 
in the battle of Monmouth (p. 86), in Sullivan's expedition against the In- 
dians (p. 90), and in the successful operations before Yorktown (p. 97). He 
died in 18-2!). 

44. Wlmt can you state of Silas Deane ? 78 

Born in Connecticut, and was a member of the first Continental Congress. 
In consequence of the extravagant contracts be made in France, he was 
recalled, and John Adams was appointed commissioner in his place. He 
died in England in poverty. 



66 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

45. Give an account of Commodore Stephen Decattir^ Jr 110, 117, 133 

Bom in Maryland in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and the 
Leopard in 1807 (p. Ill), in the opinion of Decatur, was disgraceful, and he 
did not hesitate to speak in severe terms of the conduct of Commodore Bar 
ron, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. The consequence 
was a duel with Barron, thirteen years after, in which Decatur was killed. 

46. What can you state of the Baron Dieskau ? 57, 58 

Was a German general, and served in France and Germany. After being 
wounded (p. 5S), he returned to Europe, and died at Paris in 17G7. 

47. Give a sketch of D'Estaing's life 85, 86, 87, 90. 91 

Bom in France in 17:29 ; was a member of the Assembly of Notables in the 
French Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was 
gnillotined in 1794. 

48. Give the history of Delaware. . „ 45, 46, 44, 160 ; Ap. 11, 14 

Delaware Bay and River were so named in honor of Lord Delaware, one of 
the early governors of Virginia : whence the name of the State. 

49. Give a sketch of tM life of Baron De Kalb 9:4 

Born, in 1732, in a German province then held by France ; was an officer in 
the French army just previous to the time ho came to America with Lafay- 
ette in 1777, was second in command under Gates, and died three days after 
the battle of Sanders Creek. 

50. \Yhat can yoic state of the " Jersey Prison-Ship .s"' 

During the Revolution, the British used the hulks of their decaying ships 
for the imprisonment of captives. One of these, the Jersey Prison-Ship, 
which was anchored near Brooklyn, is noted for the inhuman treatment 
which its prisoners received, hundreds of whom died in consequence. 

51. Give the history of California. 159, 151 

"A romance was published in Spain in 1510, in which the word California, 
applied to an imaginary island, for the first time occurred. Cortez had read 
the book, it is supposed ; and when he sailed along the M'est coast of Mex- 
ico, in 1535, supposing he was in the region of the island, he called the 
country California." 

62. Give the history of Connecticut 28, 29, 30, 32, 51, 68, 78, 89, 126 ; Ap. 11, 13 

63. Give a sketch of Dr. Franklin's life 78, 98 ; Ap. 8 

Benjamin Franklin, a philosopher and statesman, was born at Boston ia 
1706. He learned the printing business in Boston, followed it in Philadel- 
phia, and, after a trip to England, became postmaster of Philadelphia. 
About the year 1746 he began to make experiments in electricity, applying 
his discoveries to the invention of lightning-rods for the protection of build- 
ings. The people of Pennsylvania and other colonies becoming dissatisfied 
with the rule which the colonial proprietors exercised, Franklin was sent 
to England to gain redress; and in this he was successful, ile again went 
to Europe, both before and after the Revolution ; was a member of the 
committee lo draft the Declaration of Independence ; and signed, in France, 
the treaty of alliance between that country and the United States vl*. 85). 
He died in Philadelphia, in the 85th year of his age. 

M. Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 153, 154, 15&, 

159, 177, Table of States. 

56. Give a sketch of the life of John n. Fremont 146, 147, 152, 163, 171 

66. What can you state of Millard Fillmore ? 151 , 153 

Born in New York in 1800, and was a representative in Coneress. 



questiojs^s for topical study. 67 

57. ]T7?.a< account <.nn you give of Admiral Farragut? 109, 131 

David G. Farrairnt was born in Tennessee in 1801. At the early age of eleven 
he became a midshipman, which position he held on board the Essex when 
that vessel captured the Alert (p. 117). After the Great Civil War, he crossed 
the Atlantic in a government vessel, and visited the principal seaporty of 
Europe. 

58. Give a sketch of Admiral Footers life 166, 168 

Andrew H. Foote was born in Connecticut in 1806. He spent the most of 
his life in the naval service of his country, and was an active friend of reli- 
gious and philanthropic enterprises. His death occurred at New York m 
1803, as he was preparing to take charge of the squadron off Charleston. 

59. State what you can of General Gage 67, 68, 69 

60. Give a sketch of the life of General Gates 84, 92, 9.5 

Horatio Gates was born in England in 1728. He was an ofticer in Brad- 
dock's expedition, in 1755, and was severely wounded in the battle of the 
Monongahela. After the Revolutionary War, he resided in Virginia, and 
subsequently removed to New York, where he died in 1806. 

61. Give the history of Georgia 48, 68, 87, 88, 90, 91, 135, 158, 175, 180, 183 ; 

Ap. 11, 14 ; Table of States, 

62. What can you state of Bartholomeio Gosnold ? 15, 18 

63. Give a sketch of Gen. Grant's life. Am, 166, 168, 169, 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 186 
Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio in 1822 ; received a military education at 
West Point, participated in the battles of Palo Alto (p. 144), Resaca de la 
Palma. Monterey, and in every one of Scott's battles iii Mexico. At the 
commencement of the Great Civil War, he was engaged in commercial busi- 
ness at Galena, Illinois, and was among the first to offer his services to the 
government. 

64. Give a sketch of General Greene's life 95, 98 

Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, in Rhode Island, in 1742 
He aided, at the beginning of the Revolution, in driving the British from 
Boston (pp. 72, 73), and took a prominent part in the battles of Troutou 
Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown. He died of " sunstroke," la 
Georgia, in 1786. 

65. Give a sketch of Alexander Ilamillon's life 106, 111 

Hamilton was born in one of the West India Islands in 1757. At the age of 
thirteen he was sent to New York to be educated. At the beginning of the 
Revolution he was one of the first to take up arms in behalf of the patriots, 
performing a creditable part as captain of an artillery company, in the battle 
of Long Island. By his activity and intelligence he attracted the attention 
of Washington, and after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, in both of 
wkich he was engaged, he accepted an invitation from Washington to take 
a place on his statl', as aide-de-camp. He participated in the battles of 
Brandywine, GermantOAvn, and Monmouth. 

66. Give a sketch of the life of Nathan Hale 75 

He was born in Connecticut in 1765 ; graduated at Yale College, and became 
D teacher. Directly after the battle of Lexington he entered the army as 
lieutenant, and before the close of the year was promoted to be a captain. 
After the battle of Long Island (p. 75), and of the retreat of the American 
army to New York city, Washington desired to gain a knowledge of the 
condition of the enemy on Long Island, and Hale volunteered for the ser- 
viv;e ; but, as he was returning with the information, he was arrested by the 
enemy, and, on the following morning, was executed. 



68 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

67. In what respects do Ike cases of Hale and Arnold differ? 93, 94 

68. Give a sketch of John Hancock'' s life 69 ; Ap. 8 

lie was boru in Masi^achusetls, in 1737, aud died there in 1793. He was the 
president of the second Continental Congress (p. 71). 

69. Give a sketch of General Ua7i-iso)Cs life 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 

He was boru in Virginia in 1773. His lather's name was Benjamin (Ap. 8). 
At the age of eighteen he joined the army, served nnder yt. Clair (jj. 107) 
and Wayne, and was governor of Indiana Territory (p. 136). 

70. Give a. sketch of Patrick Henry's life 66, 71 

He was boru in Virginia in 1736 ; died there in 1799. Was admitted to the 
bar; was a member of " The First Continental Congress" (p. 68), and gover- 
ncr of V irgiuia. He opposed the adoption of the Federal Constitution (p. 99). 
Without doubt he was the most gifted orator in America during his time. 

71. What can you state of General Joseph Hooker? 173, 175 

W^ae bom in Massachusetts in 1819 ; received a military education at West 
Point, distinguished himself in the Mexican War, and in McClelhwi's Pcuin- 
Bula (p. 170) and Antietam battles. 

72. Give a sketch of Hem^j Hudson's life 37 

Hudson made four voyages for the purpose of finding a shorter passage to 
the Pacific than the one around Cape Horn. While in the large bay which 
now bears his name, during his fourth voyage, in 1(510, a mutiny occurred 
amrong hismen, and he, with eight who remained faithful to him, was put 
into an open boat, and abandoned. No tidiugs were ever afterward heard 
of him. 

73. State what you can of General Hull 115, 116 

William Hull was born in Connecticut in 1753. He fought with courage in 
the battles of While Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, 
Monmouth, and Stony Point. After his surrender of Detroit he was tried 
by a court-martial, pronounced guilty of cowardice in making the sun-ender, 
and sentenced to be shot; but, in consideration of his age aud revolutionary 
services, President Madison remitted the sentence. He died iu 1825. 

T». What can you state of Captain Hull? 117 

Captaui Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was a nephew of General Hull. 
During the war M-ith the Barbary States, from 1803 to 1805, he served with 
distinction. 

75. Give the history of Hai-per's Ferry 156, 157, 160, 161, 172 

During the Civil War the Confederates had possession of the place three 
times. It contains a U. S. arsenal. 

76. Give the history of Illinois PS, 136 ; Table of the States 

" Illinois was so named from its principal river. Tiie word, an Indian one, 
is said to signify the river of ?ncn,'" or '• a perfect and accomplished man." 

77. Give the his'm-y of Indiana. . . . 190, 98, 107, 130, 134, 136, and Table of Statiis. 
73. Give the history of Iowa 110, and Table of the States. 

" Iowa is an Indian name, meaning ' Here is the place.'' " 

79. Give a sketch of Andrew Jackson's life 121, 128, 135. 137, i:]S, 139, 140 

He was ))oru in North Carolina in 1767 ; died in Tennessee in 1845. Though 
but a boy during the Revolution, he took an active part in behalf of the 
patriots. He became a lawyer, a representative and U. S. senator from 
Tennessee, aud governor of Plorida. 

80. Nafne in chivnx)logical order the impo?'tant events in Jackson's administra- 

tion 163 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 69 

81. Wiat can ijou state of '■'■ StonetcalP'' Jackson? 171 

Bora in Virj^iuia iu 1824 ; was a graduate of West Point, and served in the 
Mexican war. It was remarked by one of his officers, that in the battle of 
Bull Run he " stood like a stone wall ;" hence he was afterward popularly 
known as " Stonewall Jackson." He was accidentally wounded by his own 
men at the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2d, 1863, and died in consequence 
eig-ht days after. 

82. What account can you give of John Jay ? 98. 108, 109 

Born in New York city in 1T45 ; died in 1829. Was a member of " The First 
Continental Congress" (p. 68), rendered important aid in favor of the adop- 
tion of th*^ Constitution (p. 99), and was the first chief-justice of the United 
States 

83. Give an account of Sir William Johnson 57, 58, 61 

Born in Ireland in 1715 ; died at his residence about fifty miles from Albany, 
N. Y., in 1774. For his services, in 1755 he was made a baronet. 

84. Give a sketch of Jefferson's life 74. 106. 109, 110, 111, 112. 1.37 ; Ap. 8 

Born in Virginia in 1743, and died there. (See Table of the Presidents.) 

85. Name the important events of Jefferson's administration^ 112,113 ; Introduction. 

86. What can you state of Paul Jones ? 90 

Born in Scotland in 1747. After the Revolution he entered the Russian naval 
service, and died at Paris, in poverty, in 1792. 

87. What can you state of Gen. Josej)h E. Johnston ? 171, 178, 183 

88. Gii^ a sketch of Andreiv Johnson's life 182, 183, 1S4, ia5, 186 

Born in North Carolina in 1S08. Served nine years at the business of a tailor, 
was several times elected a representative iu Congress, twice governor of 
Tennessee, once a U. S. senator, and was appointed governor of Tennessee 
in the beginning of the Great Civil War. 

89. Name in chronological order the impwtant events of his administration. . . 189 

90. Give a sketch of the history of Kentucky. ... 98, 107, 113, 160, 168, 169, 170, 177; 

190, Table of States, 
The first permanent settlement was made by Daniel Boone. 

91. Give a sketch of the history of Kansas.. l\n, 110, 151, 152, 157 ; Table of States. 
The name Kansas, said to signify smoky water, was that of a tribe of In- 
dians. (See Introduction.) 

92. }Miat can you state of Gen. Lyman ? 57, 58 

Phineas Lyman was born in Connecticut in 1716 ; died in Florida in 1775. 

93. What account can you give of Gen. Lincoln ? 88, 90, 91 , 102 

Gen. Lincoln of the Revolution was born in Massachusetts in 1733 ; died 
there in 1810. Was a farmer until he was 40 years old, was in the battles of 
White Plains ("p. 75) and Berais Heights (p. 84), and commanded the forces 
which quelled Shays's Rebellion (p. 99). He was a great favorite of Wash- 
ington. 

94. Give a sketch of the life of President Lincoln 158-182 

Abraham Lincoln was born iu Kentucky in 1800. His early life was passed 
at hard labor on his father's form in Indiana. At the age of 19 he made a 
trip to New Orleans as a hired hand on a fiat-boat, and afterward moved tc 
Illinois ; served as captain iu the " Black Ilawk W^ar" (p. i;iS) ; was elected 
to the Illinois Legislature, and was a representative in Congress. 

95. How many and tvhat persons by the nam£ of Lee took prominent parts in the 

Revolutionary War? 73, 74, 78, 90 ; Ap. 8 

96. What accmmt can you give of Gen. Charles Lee? 73, 75, 76, 79, 86 



70 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

Born in England in 1731 ; was with Braddock in the battle of the Mononga 
hela (p. 57), with Abercroml)ic in the assault on Ticonderoga (p. 59), and after 
ward served in the Russian army. Died at Philadelphia in 17S2. 

97. What can you state of Gen. Robert E. Lee? 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, 18J 

Was born in Virginia ; graduated at West Point, and served in the Mexican 
War. lie is now (1SG9) president of a Southern college. 

96. Give a sketch of Gen. Lafayette's life 78, 80, 96, 137 

The Marquis de Lafayette was born in France in 1757. Was in the battles 
of Monmouth (p. 80) aad Yorktown (p. 97), and was a member of the court 
that tried Andre (p. 94). Died at Paris in 1834, (Give a further account.) 

99. Give a sketch of the life of La SuUe 8 

A celebrated French navigator, born about 1635, died in 1687. Made four 
visits to America : in the firs';, while endeavoring to find a passage by water 
to China, be explored Lake Ontario ; in the third he descended the Missis- 
sippi; in the fourth, which was undertaken to settle Louisiana, he sailed 
from France, but instead of landing at the mouth of the Mississippi, pro- 
ceeded, by mistake, to Texas, where he was shot by one of his men. 

100. ^^7iat account can you give of Marquette ? 6 

Born in France in 16:^7. He died in Michigan in 1675, near a small river, 
which still Ixiars his name. 

101. Give the history of Louisiana. . . Note 157, 191, 110, 120, 130, 158, 164, 169, 177 
*' Li 1682 La Salle descended the Mississippi, and taking possession for 
France of the whole country watered by the river, named it Louisiana, in 
honorof Louis XIV. of France." The French held the whole domain known 
by the name of Louisiana till 1762, when they ceded it to Spain. In 1800 it 
was retrocedcd to France. In 1804 it was divided into two governments ; 
that of the " Territory of Orleans," including the present State of Loui.si 
ana, and that of ihe " District of Louisiana." (See Table of States.) 

102. Give a sketch of the life of General Montgomery 59, 71, 72 

Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland in 1736. He settled in New York 
State, and in 1775 was a member of the Provincial Congress. A monument 
was erected to his memory in front of St. Paul's church. New York city, 
bencatli which his remains were placed in 1818. 

103. Give a sketch of the life of General Marion 91 

Francis Marion was born in South Carolina in 17:i2. The amount of aid 
which he rendered the patriot cause during the Revolution can hardly be 
estimated. AH attempts of the enemy to baflle him were entirely futile. 
He was an honest man and a pure patriot. His death occurred in 1795. 

104. Give the history of Ma.^sachusett$, 23-27, 32-;i7, 51, 66-73, 99, 129. ViQ ; Ap. 11, 13 

105. Give the history of Maine 190, 16, 27, 3:i, 136 ; Table of States. 

Authors are not agreed with regard to the derivation of the name of this 
State. The prevailing opinion is, that Maine wa>* so called in complimeiM 
to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, who, it was supposed, 
owned the province of Maine, in France. 

106. What can you state of Robert Morris ? 94, 95 ; Ap. 8 

Born in England in 1734 ; came to America when thirteen years old ; was 
educated at Philadelphia. After the Revolution, he lost by land speculation 
an immense fortune gained in the China trade, and died at Philadelphia in 
1806, in comi)arative poverty. 

107. Give the history of Fort Ticonderoga 59, 60, 62, 69, 71, 81, 88 

It was built by the French in 1755, and by them called Carillon {chims Qf 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 71 

bells), in allaeion to the mneic of the waterfalla at the outlet of Lake George, 
near it. 

IC5J. Give the histoid of Alabama 190, 120, 121, 127, 135, 136, 158, 159, 169, 181 

The territory now comprising the States of Mist^issip})i and Alabama, ex- 
cept the coaBt-strip between Florida and Loaisiana (see Introduction), was 
originally a part of Georgia, but in 1798 was organized as the Mist^issippi 
Territory. The word Alabama is of Indian origin, signifying here we resL 
(Table of States.) 

lOe. Give the history of Mississippi 190, 135, 136, 158, 159, 164, 166, 169, 175, 177, 186 
The word Mississippi is of Indian origin, signifying, according to some 
writers, the Great Eiver ; according to others, the Great Father of Waters. 
(See above, under the history of Alabama; also, Table of States.) 

lie. Give a sketch of General Batiiel Morga/i's life 95 

Bom in New Jersey in 1736; died in Virginia in 1802. Was with Brad- 
dock in 1755 (p. 57), performing the duties of teamster; joined Washington 
at Cambridge, with a ritle corps (p. 72) ; accompanied Arnold across the 
wilderness to Quebec, participating in the attemi)t to capture that city 
(p. 72) ; and took a distinguished i)art in the battle of Beniis Heights Q). 84). 

111. Give the histoid of Maryland .. A\, 42, 43, 68, 74, 76, 99, 127, 160, 172, 173, 179; 

Ap. 8, 11, 14 

112. Give a sketch of the life of James Madison 114-130 

BoiTi in Virginia in 1751 ; died there in 1836. Was a member of the con- 
vention which prepared the Constitution of the U. S. (p. 99) ; united with 
Jay and Hamilton in advocating its adoption ; opposed Hamilton's finan- 
cial measures (p. 106) ; and was secretary of state in Jefferson's cabinet. 

113. Name, in chronological order, the imiyortant events of Madison's administra- 
tion 130, 131, 132 

114. Give a sketch of tJie life of James Monroe 125, 126, 127, 128, 137 

Born in Virginia in 1758 ; died in New York city in 1831. Entered the 
army in 1776 ; was at the battles of White Plains (p. 75), Trenton, in which 
he was wounded (p. 76), Brandywine (p. 79), Germantown (p. 80), and Mon- 
mouth (p. 86) ; was a member of Congress when Washington resigned his 
commission (p. 99) ; was governor of Virginia ; and was minister to France, 
to England, and to Holland. 

115. What can you state of General Meade ? 173, 178, 179 

116. Give the history of Missouri 191, 110, 136, 162, 163, 168 ; Table of States. 

The name Missouri, an Ind1\n one, signifying Mud River, was first applied 
to the river of that name. 

117. Give the history of Michigan 190, 63, 98, 115, 118, 119 ; Table of States, 

The name Michigan, supposed to be formed from two Indian words, signi- 
fying Great Lake, was first applied to the lake. 

118. Give the history of Arkansas 191, 110, 159, 160; Table of Stateb. 

" The State takes its name from a tribe of Indians now extinct." 

119. Give the history of Minnesota 191, 98, 110, 157 ; Table of States. 

The name Minnesota was first applied to the river. It is compounded of 
two Indian words, signifying sky-colored water. 

VXS. Name the important military events in General McCleUan's life 162, 164, 

170, 171, 172. 

121. Give the history of New York State.. 37-39, 51, 66, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 79, 81-85, 

87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 116, 121-125; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14; Table of States. 

U2. Give the history of New York City. . . 37-40 66, 67, 73, 74, 75, 98, 106, 158, ITf 



72 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

123. Give the history of New Hampshire 27, 28, 33, 34, 51, 68 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, IE 

124. Give the histoty of New Jersey.. Zl, 40, 41, 51, 68, 76^1, 86, 90, U ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 
185. Give tJie hisU/ry of North Carolina... 13, 47, 08, 95, 96, 160, 163, 167, 181, 182; 

Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 

126. Give the history of South Carolina... 13, 47, 68, 73, 74, 89. 91, 92, 95, 96, 138. 

139, 168, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 182 ; Ap. 8, 11, 14. 

127, Give the events oj Charleston 47, 67, 73, 74, 91, 101, 139, 158, 160, 182 

188 Give the hutory of the Northwest Territory 190, 110, 136 

The territory north of the Ohio, which waa earrendered to the United 
States at the close of the Revolution, was claimed by individual States. Ib 
1787 it wae organized into the Northwest Territory, though, in consequence 
of delay on the part of the States to cede their claims to the General Govern- 
ment, the latter did not acquire complete jurisdiction over it before 1800. 

129. Give the history of Ohio 190, 107,110,113,118,119,176 

(See also Table of States, and preceding paragraph in relation to the North- 
west Territory.) 

130. Give the history of Oregon Nofo 157, 192, 7, 157 ; Table of States. 

A writer of note states that the name Oregon waa probably invented by 
Captain Carver, who made an early exploration of the region. Another 
writer gives it as his opinion that tbe name was derived from the Spanish 
oregano, wild sage, which grows in great abundance on the Pacific coast. 
(See Introduction to the History.) 

131. Give the history of Nevada 193, 7, 150 ; Table of Statea 

The State derived its name from the mountain range on the west of it. The 
two words sierra and nevada, are Spanish, meaning mountains snow-covered 

132. Give an account of Willia?n Penn 40, 43, 44, 46 

Was born in London in 1644. Though reared in the principles of the Church 
of England, he became a convert to Quakerism. He was several times ar- 
rested and imprisoned for attending Quaker meetings and preaching. 

133. Give the history of Pennsylvania. 43, 44, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 68, 79, SU, 81, 87, 108, 

179, 180 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 

134. Give the history of Philadelphia 44, 67, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86, 99, 106 

135. What can you state of William Pitt ? 59, 60 

Was bom in England in 1708. At the beginning of the American Revolu- 
tion he favored the Americans. At the close of a speech made in Parlia- 
ment in 1778, against the motion to acknowledge the independence of the 
United States, he fell to the floor in a fit, and died a few weeks after. 

1?6. What account can you give of General Putnam f 75 

Israel Putnam, familiarly known as " Old Put," was born in Massachusetts 
in 1718 ; died in Connecticut in 1790. In the latter state he made liimself 
famous by his daring encounters with wolves and Indians. Was in the ex- 
pedition against Ticonderoga (p. 59), during which he was captured by In 
dians, tied to a tree to be burned, but was saved by a Freitch. officer ; served 
in the Pontiac War (p. 63) ; was in the battle of Bunker Hill ; wid in 1779 
opposed Tryon's expedition (p, 89). 

137. What can you state of Count Pulaski ? 80, 91 

138. Name as many early navigators as you can 9-^1 

139. Give an account of James K. Polk 143-15( 

Bom in North Carolina in 1795 ; died in Tennessee in 1849. Waa a repre 
sentative in Congress from Tennessee for fourteen years, and was speakei 
of the Hoase three terms. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 73 

140 Give an account of Franklin Pierce 151, 159 

Bom in New Hampshire in 1804 ; was a representative in Congress, a United 
Jstates senator, and served in the Mexican War. Died in 1869. 

141. iitaie what you can of General Pope 168, 171, 172 

142. State what you can of Admiral Porter 169, 173, 181 

143. In how many and what wars have the United States been engaged ? 65, 90, 

107, 110, 114, 115, 120, 130, 135, 138, 139, 143 

144. In what wars were they involved when they were Colonies? 21, 22, 29, 32, 34, 

35, 36, 42, 48 

145. What rebellions have there been in the United States ? 99, 108, 138, 157 

146. Give the history of Rhode Island... . 31, 51, 68, 79, 86, 87, 141 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 13 

147. What can you state of Sir Walter Raleigh ? 14, 15 

Bom in England in 1552. The death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, proved 
fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of treason, con^^cted, 
and, after a period of fifteen years, during which time he suffered imprison- 
ment, and afterward commanded an unsuccessful expedition to the coast of 
South America, he was beheaded in London in 1618. 

148. Whal can you state of General Rosecrans ? 169, 170, 173, 175 

149. State what you can of Captain John Smith 18, 19, 20, 23 

Born in England in 1579 ; died there in 1631. His life was an eventful one. 
The narrative of the part he took in wars against the Turks, of his captiv* 
ity by them, and of his escape, seems more like a romance than a reality. 

150. Give the history of Savanyiah 48, 87, 88, 90, 91, 180, 181, 182 

161. What can you state of Gen. Philip Schxiyler ? 71, 72, 82, 83, 84 

Born at Albany, N. Y., in 1733 ; died there in 1804. Was in Johnson's expe- 
dition in 1755 (p. 57), and was a member of Congress prior to the presidency 
of Washington, and afterward a U. S. senator from New York. One of hia 
daughters married Alexander Hamilton in 1780. 

152. What can you state of General John Sullivan ? 76, 86, 87, 90 

Born in Maine in 1740 ; died in New Hampshire in 1795. Was in the battles 
of Trenton (p. 76), Princeton (p. 78), Brandywine (p. 79), Germantown 
(p. 80). 

153. Give an account of General Arthur St. Clair 81, 82, 107 

Bora in Scotland in 1735 ; died in Pennsylvania in 1818. Was with Wolfe 
in 1759 (p. 62), with Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton 
and siege of Yorktown, was president of Congress in 1787, and governor of 
the Northwest Territory from its organization in 1789 to 1802. 

154. What can you state of General Thomas Sumter ? 91, 102 

Born in South Carolina in 1734 ; died there in 1832. After the Revolution- 
ary War he was a representative and U. S. senator from South Carolina. 
Fort Sumter (p. 158) was so named in honor of him. 

155. Give the early history of St. Augustine 13, 14 

166. Give an account of Gen. Wiiifield Scott 124, 139, 147, 148, 149, 150, 161, 164 

Bora in Virginia in 1786; died in New Jersey in 1806. In the battle of 
Queenstown (p. 116) he was taken prisoner, but was soon after exchanged. 

167. What can you state of Gen. William T. Sher/nan ?. . . 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 
Born in Ohio in 1820 ; graduated at West Point, and served in Florida. Gen. 
Grant, on the very day of his inauguration, nominated Sherman for the 
position of general of the army, and the nomiiiatlon was at once conflrmecl 
by the United States Senate. 



74 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

158. What can you state of Gen. P/iilip II. Sheridan ? 180. 182 

Born in Ohio of Irish parents in 1S31 ; graduated atWeet Point, and servcs^j 
against the Indians. Alter the Great Civil War he was placed in military com- 
mand at New Orleans, but hie rigorous course toward the late Confederates 
did not meet the approbation ol President Johnson, and he was translerrod 
to a field of operations against the hostile Indians of the far West. Gen. 
Grant, almost immediately after he became president, nominated Sheridan 
for the position of lieutenant-general, in place of Gen. Sherman, promoted, 
and the nomination was at once confirmed by the United States Senate. 

169. What can you state of certain organizations known as Commissions that ex- 
isted during the Great Civil War? 
There were several of them, and they did incalculable service in relieving 
the sick and wounded soldiers, not only in the hospitals but on the baltla- 
fields. The two known as the United States Sanitary Commission and the 
Christian Commission were the largest. 

160. Give the history of Tennessee. . . 107, 100, 168, 169, 173, 175, 180 ; Table of Stiites. 
" The name is derived from Tannassee (signifying river of the big bend), the 
Indian name applied to the little Tennessee River." North Carolina ceded 
the territory to the General Government in 1789. Two years after, it was 
organized, with Kentucky, as the " Territory of the United States south of 
the Ohio." 

161. Give the history of Texas 192, 141, 143, 144, 158, 173 ; Table of States. 

Las Tekas, from which the name Texas is dei-ived, is supposed to have been 
the name of a petty tribe of Indians living in Eastern Texas. 

162. Give an account of John Tyler 141, 143 

Born in Virginia in 1790 ; died there in 1862. 

163. Give an account of Gen. Zachary Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151 

Born in Virginia in 1784 ; was in the War of 1812 (p. 114), and in the Black 
Hawk War (p. 138). 

164. Give an account of Washington 12th Question, p. 113. 

165. Give an account of Gen. Joseph Warren 71 

Bom in Massachusetts in 1741 ; graduated at Harvard College, studied medi- 
cine, became a physician in Boston, and was one of the most earnest and 
eloquent leaders in resisting the unjust measures of the British Govern- 
ment. His loss was sincerely lamented by his countrymen. 

166. Give an account of Gen. James Wilkinson 121, 122, 123, 124 

Was bom in Maryland in 1757 ; studied medicine, became a physician, was 
an officer in the American army during the Revolution, was in the battle of 
the Maumee (p. 107), was governor of the Louisiana Territory in 1805-6 (p 
110), aided in breaking up the plans of Aaron Burr in 1806 (p. Ill), and died 
in Mexico in 1825. 

167. Give the history of Washington City 106, 109, 126, 160 

168. Give tlie history of the Distinct of Columbia 106, 109 

In 178S Maryland ceded 60 square miles of land, and next year Virginia 
ceded 40 square miles, to the United States as a site for the national capi- 
tal. This made a square of 10 miles, or 100 square miles, 60 square miles 
being on the east side of the Potomac and 40 on the west, which was named 
the District of Columbia, in honor of Christopher Columbus. The tract on 
the Virginia side of the river was retroceded to that State in 1846, conse- 
quently the District now consists of the territory ceded by Maryland in 
1788. It contains the two cities of Washington and Georgetown, and ii 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 



subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of Congi-ess. The population in 1870 
was 131,700, one-third of whom were colored persons. 

169. Give the hisUmj of We^t Point 93 

As early as 1776 the Americans erected a fort there. Next year a chain was 
stretched across the river to prevent the passage of the enemy's ships. A 
U. S. military academy was established there in 1802. (Note 6, end of 4th §.) 

170. Giva the history of Wisconsin 190, 8, 98, 110, 150 ; Table of States. 

"Thic State takes its name from a large tributary of the Mississippi, dis- 
covered by Marquett* in 1673, and called by him Masconsin {wild rushing 
channel). Masconsin became changed to Ouisconsvi^ and finally to Wis- 
consin.'''' 

171. Give the history of WeU Virginia 176 

172. Give a sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren Table end of History, 140 

Born at Kindcrhook, N. Y., in 1782 ; died there in 1862. Was U. S. senator, 
governor of the State of New York, and vice-president of the United States 
during President Jackson's second term. 

173. Give the history of Vermont 189, 82, 83, 100, 107, 113 ; Table of States. 

174. How many and what States were adftiitted to tJie Union during Washington's 

administration? (Table of States, end of History.) 

175. Give the names of thxise admitted during each adviinislration. (Same Table.) 

176. Give the history of Virginia 14, 18-23, 60. 68, 71, 96, 97, 157, 160, 161, 162, 

167, 170, 171, 172, 176, 178. 179, ISO, 182; Ap. 11, 14 

177. Give a sketch of the life of Daniel Webster 

Born in New Hampshire in 1782 ; died in Massachusetts in 1852. A large 
part of his life was spent at Washington, either as a member of Congress 
or in the President's cabinet. In 1842, while secretary of state, he nega 
tiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty, settling the difl'erences between the 
United States and Great Britain in relation to the Northeastern boundary, 
difl'erences which had disturbed the relations of the two countries many 
years. 

178. How and when were the Northwestern differences settled ? Introduction. 

179. Give the history of Nebraska 191. 110, and Table of States. 

The word Nebraska is of Indian origin, signifying Ne^ water, and braska, 
-wide or shallow ; and being applied to the Platte River, which runs through 
the State, was afterward used to name the Territory. 

ISO. Name^ in order of succession. Vie Presidents of tJie United States Table. 

181. Name Uwse who served two terms, or eight years each Table. 

182. Name those who served one term, or four years each Table. 

183. Name, those tvho served less than four years each Table. 

184. Name Uwse who died in office 141, 151 , 183 

185. State how each President was elected to his position 106-18tj 

186. Name, in their order of settlement, the thirteen onginal States Table. 

187. Name, in tfieir order of admission to the Union, the other States Table. 

188. What terHtory has been added to Uie United States since 1782 ? 6, 7 

1S9. State how and when each jxyrtion was added 6. 7 

190. Give the story of Jane McCrea 82, 83 

The Indians asserted that they did not kill her, and the evidence afterward 
collected went to sustain the assertion, and also to show that slic was killed 
by a shot intended for her captors, which was fired from Ft. Edward by one 
of the patriots, a number of whom still lingered though the place had been 
dvacaated by Schuyler. 



76 QUESTION'S FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

191. Give the hisfonj of the Declaration of Independence App., p. S, 74 

192. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 85, 99 ; Ap. 9, 10 

193. Give the histm-y of the Federal Constitution ... M, 183, 186 ; Ap. 9, 10, 11, 30 

194. Crive the history of the United States flag. Atis. At the beginning of 
the Revolution, and for Pome month? after, no distinctive flag was adopted 
by the Americans. In 17T0 the British Union flagAvas used, the onlj' change 
being that the field was composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
white, to denote the union of the thirteen colonies. The American flag, 
" Stars and Stripes," was adopted by Congress on the 14th of June, 1777. 

195. Qive the history of the Plymouth Colony 24, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35 

It has been stated that Plymouth was not so called in memory of the 
hospitalities bestowed upon the Pilgrims at Plymouth, England ; but the 
weight of authority does not favor the statement. Baylies, however, in 
his '"Historical Memoirs of the Colony," says: "They (the Pilgrims) 
named their settlement Plymouth, because this place had been so called by 
Capt. Smith, who had previously surveyed the harbor, and they remem- 
bered the kindness which they had experienced from the people of Ply- 
mouth in England." Smith, when he examined the New England coast, 
in 1614, made a map of the region, which w^as published in 1616. On this 
map was the name, Plymouth ; but there is no evidence whatever that the 
Pilgrims ever saw the map, they " having selected for their settlement the 
country near the Hudson." 

196. What tvas the length of each of the following wars? The French and In- 
dian f The Bevolutlon ? The second vMh England? The war with Mexi- 
co f The Great Civil War f 

197. State the causes of each of the five ivars 54, 65, 66, 114. 143, 157, 158 

198. Give an account of Washington's milita^^y movements during the Revolu- 
.tion 71-97 

W. How many years have the United States been involved in war? 74-182 

200. Name the commanders who were compelled to surrender 56-190 

201. Give the names of the celebrated foreigners who fought for the United 
States 76, 78,80,84, 85, 90, 92, 97; Ap. 66-73. 

202. State the object of establishing each of the eight colonies that icere in New En- 
gland 18-31 

203. The object in establishing each of the other colonies 37-48 

204. Name the States that have been formed from tenitory acquired in conse- 
guence of war 187, 188, 189 

205. From territory, acquired by purchase, without war 187, 188, 189 

206. W7iat other States are there that were formed from territory otherwise ac- 
quired? 187,188,189 

207. How was such territory acquired? 187,188,189 

208. What can you state as regards the naming of this country, America ? 10 

A small geography, written in Latin by an unknown author, was published 
in Lorraine, France, in 15U7. A copy of this work is in the possession of 
the Hon. Charles Sumner. Another copy is among tljp "Literary Curiosi- 
ties," under a glass case in the show-room of books in the British Museum, 
with this description in the catalogue : "In this work it was first proposed 
that the name America should be given to the continent now so called." 
It is described at length in the catalogue of the " Reserved Portion of the 
Library, 1862"—" A book which has become famous, because in it is to be 
found for the first time the proposition to bestow on the new world the 
name America, in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, etc." 



LIST OF TOPICS 



TO BE FOUND ON THE PAGES DIRECTLY PRECEDING THIS. 

The numbers refer to the numbers of the topics. 



Adams, John 1 

Adams, John Q 3 

Adams, Samuel 2 

Alabama 108 

Allen, Ethan 4 

Anderson, Gen , . 10 

Andre, Major 5 

Andros, Edmund 6 

Armstrong', John 7 

Armstrong, John, Jun 8 

Arkansas 118 

Arnold, Benedict 9 

Articles of Confederation . . 192 

Bacon, Nathaniel 11 

Bainbridge, Com 14 

Baker, Gen. E. D 12 

Banks, N. P 13 

Beauregard, Gen 15 

Boston 40 

Braddock, Gen 22 

Bragg, Braxton 21 

Brown, Gen. Jacob 23 

Buchanan, James 24 

Buell, Gen 25 

Burgoyne, Gen 26 

Burnside, Gen 27 

Burr, Aaron 28 

Butler, B. F 29 

Cabot, John and Sebastian 30 

Calhoun, John C 31 

California 51 

Causes of U. S. Wars 197 

Charleston 127 

Cla5\ Henry 32 

Clinton, Sir Henry 33 

Columbus, Cnristopher 34 

Committee of Corres'dence 16 

Connecticut 52 

Constitution, Federal 193 

Cornwallis, Lord 35 

Cortez, Fernando 36 

Croghan, Major 37 

Curtis, Gen. S. R 38 

Davenport, John 41 

Davis, Jefferson -. . 42 

Deane, Silas 44 



Dearborn, Gen 43 

Decatur, Com 45 

Declaration of Independence 191 

De Kalb, Baron 49 

Delaware 48 

D'Estaing 47 

Dieskau,"Baron 46 

District of Columbia 168 

Early Navigators 138 

European Wars in Colonies 18 

Farragut, Admiral 57 

Fillmore, Millard 56 

Florida 54 

Foote, Admiral 58 

Foreign Officers in A. Army 199 

Franklin, Dr 53 

Fremont, John C 55 

Gage, Gen 59 

Gates, Gen 60 

Georgia 61 

Gosnold, Bartholomew 62 

Grant, Ulysses S 63 

Greene, Gen 64 

Hale, Nathan 66 

Hamilton, Alexander. ..... 65 

Hancock, John GS 

Harper's Ferry 75 

Harrison, Wm. H 69 

Henry, Patrick 70 

Hooker, Gen 71 

Hudson, Henry 72 

Hull, Capt 74 

Hull, Gen 73 

Illinois 76 

Indiana 77 

Iowa 78 

Jackson, Andrew 79 

Jackson, Gen. T. J 81 

Jay, John 82 

Jefferson, Thomas 84 

Jersey Prison Ship 50 

Johnson, Andrew 88 

Johnson, Sir Wm 83 

Johnston, Gen. Jos. E 87 

Jones, Paul 86 

Kansas 91 



78 



LIST OF TOPICS. 



Kentucky 90 

Kosciusko 30 

Lafayette 98 

La Salle 99 

Lee, Gen. Charles 9G 

Lee, Gen. Robert E 97 

Length of U. S. Wars 190 

Lincoln, Abraham 94 

Lineal n, Gen 93 

Louisiana 101 

Lyman, Gen. P 92 

Madison, James 112 

Maine 105 

Marion, Gen 103 

Marquette 100 

Maryland Ill 

Massachusetts 104 

McClellan, Gen 120 

McCrea, Jane 190 

Meade, Gen 115 

Michigan 117 

Minnesota , 119 

Mississippi 109 

Missouri llfj 

Monroe, James 114 

Montgomery, Gen 102 

Morgan, Gen 110 

Morris, Robert lOG 

Nebraska 179 

New Hampshire 123 

New Jersey 124 

New York City 122 

New York State 121 

Nevada 131 

North Carolina 125 

" Northwestern Difficulties " 178 

Northwest Territoiy 128 

Object of New E. Colonies. 202 
Object of other Colonies . . . 203 

Ohio 129 

Oregon 130 

Penn, Wm 132 

Pennsylvania 133 

PhiladV.phia 134 

Pierce, Franklin 140 

Pitt, Wm 135 

Plymouth Colony 195 

Polk, James K 139 

Pope, Gen 141 



Porter, Admiral 142 

Pulaski, Count 137 

Presidents of United States. 180 

Putnam, Gen 136 

R:deigh, Walter 147 

Rebeilionsin United Stales. 145 

Rhode Island 146 

Roseorans, Gen 148 

Sanitary Commissions 159 

Savannah 150 

Schuyler, Gen 151 

Scott, (Jen 156 

Slieridaii, (ien 158 

Sherman, Gen 157 

Slavery 17 

Smith, John 149 

South Carolina 126 

States from conquered ter'y 204 
States from purchased ter'y 205 
Stales from other territory, . 206 

St. Augustine 155 

St. Chiir, Gen 153 

Succession of States 187 

Sullivan, Gen 152 

Sumter, Gen 154 

Surrendered Commanders. . 200 

Taylor, Zachary 163 

Tennessee 160 

Territory acquired 188 

Teirilory, liowacquired 207 

Texas ... ifil 

Ticonderoga, Ft 107 

Treaties 19 

Tyler, John 162 

United Slates Flag 194 

Van Buren, Martin 172 

Vermont 173 

Virginia 176 

Warren, Gen 165 

Wars while Colonies 144 

Wars with the U. S 143 

Washington City 167 

Washington, George 164 

Wasiiington's mil. movem'ts 198 

Webster, Daniel 177 

West Point 169 

West Virginia 171 

Wilkinson, Gen 166 

Wisconsin 170 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

11 111 




II I II 

01 1 448 074 5 





